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Thriving through the ups and downs: A guide to women’s mental health
By Naomi Magnus, psychotherapist and founder at North London Therapy
Women’s health is closely linked to our biology, hormones, and the way our brains are wired, all of which shape our life experiences.
From the teen years right through to adulthood, hormonal ups and downs can affect mood, thinking, and emotional resilience in ways that are uniquely female.
Oestrogen and progesterone, for instance, don’t just influence fertility – they also play a key role in regulating neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, which affect mood and anxiety.
In your twenties, when careers, relationships, and life choices are all coming together, it’s perfectly normal to feel anxious or low at times.
Anxiety disorders can often be connected to women’s hormonal and neurological differences. Recognising this can be really reassuring – anxiety can simply be a reflection of a complex, finely tuned system.
A woman’s menstrual cycle can have a big impact on energy, focus, and mood throughout their life, yet many women aren’t taught to track or anticipate these changes.
Later on, life events like pregnancy, postpartum shifts, and perimenopause bring even bigger hormonal swings, which can trigger mood changes, brain fog, or longer-term mental health challenges.
Schools have a crucial role to play in helping young women understand their bodies and mental health.
While the current UK national curriculum covers basic reproductive biology and puberty, it often misses the full picture of hormonal cycles, mental health, and the connection between the two.
Comprehensive education should include tracking menstrual cycles, recognising mood and energy patterns, understanding stress and anxiety triggers, and helping young girls to develop healthy coping strategies.
Teaching these skills early on equips girls with self-awareness, confidence, and the tools to manage their physical and emotional wellbeing throughout life.
Menopause is another life stage that brings significant hormonal changes, which can affect mental health.
As oestrogen and progesterone decline, many women notice mood swings, anxiety, low energy, and brain fog.
Naomi Magnus
Lifestyle adjustments can help – regular exercise, a balanced diet rich in omega-3s and whole foods, good sleep hygiene, and mindfulness or meditation practices can all support mood and cognitive function.
Therapy, such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or counselling, is effective for managing anxiety or low mood.
For some, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may be recommended by a GP or specialist to stabilise hormones and alleviate both physical and psychological symptoms.
Women – at any age – can help themselves to feel better when hormone changes strike.
I am an advocate for mindfulness, good sleep, gentle exercise, socialising, and tracking your cycle alongside your mood.
Technology is stepping up – there are some amazing apps that make it easier to understand how your mental health and hormones interact.
It’s also worth acknowledging that times are tough globally – economic uncertainty, climate anxiety, and social pressures can all take their toll on our mental health.
While we can’t control everything around us, getting to know our own bodies and how we respond to stress can make a real difference.
By tuning into our cycles, moods, and energy levels, we can better anticipate challenging days and create a sense of calm amidst the chaos.
Understanding that women’s brains and mental health respond differently across life stages is really important.
Women should approach mental health proactively – because thriving isn’t just about surviving, it’s about knowing your mind and body inside out.
Women later diagnosed with endometriosis used more antidepressant and anxiety medication than other women, with the pattern emerging years before diagnosis, recent study found.
The difference was evident up to 10 years before diagnosis and continued for a decade afterwards, according to a large Danish registry-based study involving 136,842 women.
Women with the condition also had substantially more contact with psychiatric hospital departments than those without it.
Researchers at Aarhus University found that women with endometriosis redeemed 29 per cent more prescriptions for antidepressants and 16 per cent more for anxiety medication in the years before diagnosis.
After diagnosis, the differences rose to 40 per cent for antidepressants and 46 per cent for anxiety medication.
Marie Josiasen, PhD student at the department of public health and one of the researchers behind the study, said: “What surprised us was how clear and persistent the pattern was, and that the difference did not diminish over time.
“On the contrary.
“Women with endometriosis consistently redeemed more prescriptions for antidepressant medication than women without the disease throughout the entire period, from ten years before to ten years after diagnosis.”
The study does not provide an answer as to what causes the mental strain.
Josiasen said prolonged pain, uncertainty about the cause of symptoms and fertility problems could be among the factors contributing to psychological strain.
She said: “It’s possible that prolonged pain, uncertainty about the cause of the symptoms, and frustration over not being able to live the life one wants may be among the reasons. For some women, fertility problems can also be a major psychological burden.”
Researchers also found that the gap compared with women without endometriosis did not narrow after diagnosis. Instead, it became more pronounced in the years that followed.
Josiasen said: “A diagnosis can be a relief, but it also involves coming to terms with having a chronic illness.”
The study does not indicate whether diagnosing endometriosis earlier could reduce psychological strain.
As part of her PhD project, Josiasen will investigate the role hormonal contraception may play in the mental health of women with endometriosis.
She said: “We can see that many receive medication and are in contact with psychiatric services. But we still lack an understanding of what actually helps these women.
“That’s what I want to help find out.”
Calla Lily Clinical Care has joined a US$50m antibiotics programme to assess vaginal delivery of UTI treatments through its Callavid platform.
The women’s health medical technology company will evaluate whether antibiotics can be delivered directly through the vaginal wall to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs).
The project will use Callavid, the company’s intravaginal drug delivery platform, aiming to deliver treatment to the site of infection while limiting systemic exposure.
Calla Lily has been selected for Wellcome Leap’s Focused Antibiotics programme, which is exploring ways to reformulate existing antibiotics so they reach infections while sparing the gut microbiome without loss of efficacy.
Dr Serena de Gelidi, Principal Investigator and R&D Manager, Calla Lily Clinical Care
The programme is backed by US$50m and aims to investigate technologies that could reduce the unintended effects of antibiotic treatment.
UTIs are among the most common bacterial infections in women. According to the source material, women are prescribed almost 40 per cent more antibiotics than men between the ages of 16 and 54.
Calla Lily will assess whether Callavid can deliver antibiotics through the vaginal wall while bypassing gastrointestinal transit and first-pass metabolism.
The company expects the approach could keep systemic exposure below 5 per cent.
There is currently no first-line UTI antibiotic available in a mass-manufactured vaginal formulation, according to Calla Lily.
The company said a successful project could contribute to the wider programme’s goal of reducing antibiotic-driven resistant infections by up to 40 per cent a year.
Callavid has a patented, leak-free, tampon-like design intended to deliver medicines and hormones through the vagina.
The platform is already being assessed in the NIHR-funded FREEDOM trial, which is studying vaginal progesterone delivery using Callavid.
That study began in April 2026 and is examining safety, user acceptability and drug absorption. According to the company, it has passed its safety stopping rule and 90 per cent of patients have completed their first round of dosing.
Dr Lara Zibners, co-founder and chair of Calla Lily Clinical Care, said: “Women are disproportionately impacted by urinary tract infections, yet the consequences of that repeated systemic exposure have been largely overlooked. Organisations such as Wellcome Leap play a vital role in tackling major healthcare challenges through bold innovation. We are honoured to be part of the Focused Antibiotics programme and to explore the potential of Callavid in a foundational antibiotic application, demonstrating how women’s health innovations can deliver benefits far beyond fertility and reproductive care.
Thang Vo-Ta, co-founder and chief executive of Calla Lily Clinical Care, said: “Being selected by Wellcome Leap, one of the world’s most ambitious health innovation funders, is a significant validation of what we are building at Calla Lily Clinical Care. Our ambition has always been for Callavid to become the defining platform for intravaginal drug delivery across a wide range of indications. The Focused Antibiotics programme gives us the ideal partner to pursue one of the most consequential of those indications: treating the world’s most common bacterial infection in women while helping to address a global resistance crisis that, left unchecked, could claim eight million lives annually by 2050. This marks a pivotal moment in demonstrating that when you solve for women, you solve for everyone.”
The project will be led by Dr Serena de Gelidi, principal investigator and R&D manager at Calla Lily Clinical Care.
She will be supported by Professor Andrew Lewis, principal scientist at the company and an international authority on drug-eluting systems, with 58 patents and more than 260 peer-reviewed publications.
An AI tool has identified microscopic breast cancer patterns that could help medical professionals better forecast disease progression.
The tool, called CenSegNet, was developed to analyse hundreds of thousands of cells in tumour samples and detect abnormalities in structures known as centrosomes.
Centrosomes are small structures inside cells that ensure DNA is divided equally during cell replication. Researchers say abnormalities in these structures have been considered a hallmark of cancer for more than a century.
In cancerous tissue, centrosomes can replicate excessively, driving the progression of the disease.
Scientists at the University of Southampton used the system to study tissue from 127 breast cancer patients being treated at University Hospital Southampton.
More than 330,000 centrosomes were analysed, revealing two distinct abnormalities that had previously been considered part of the same process.
One involved cells developing too many centrosomes, while the other involved centrosomes becoming abnormally enlarged.
Researchers found the two defects behaved independently and could occur in different areas of the same tumour.
Dr Salah Elias, of the University of Southampton’s school of biological sciences and institute for life sciences, said: “For more than a century, centrosome abnormalities have been recognised as a hallmark of cancer, but studying them in patient tissues has been extremely challenging.
“CenSegNet allows us to analyse these defects at single-cell resolution across entire tumours and uncover patterns that were previously impossible to see.
“Rather than viewing centrosome abnormalities as a single phenomenon, our study shows that they have distinct biological states with different spatial distributions and clinical associations.”
The platform also helped uncover a link between different centrosome abnormalities and features of cancer.
Tumours with high levels of enlarged centrosomes were more aggressive, while patients whose cells had lower levels had a better chance of survival.
Dr Elias said: “Specific combinations of defects may influence how a tumour grows, invades surrounding tissues and responds to treatment.
This opens the door to developing new biomarkers and, ultimately, more personalised treatment strategies.”
Researchers hope AI could eventually be used to track disease by analysing the behaviour of cell structures.
The team also plans to combine CenSegNet with more data to explore whether it could help guide treatment decisions.
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