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Females have a 31% higher risk of developing Long Covid

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Females have a 31 per cent higher associated risk of developing Long Covid, with women aged 40 to 55 years having the highest propensity, according to a new study.

The study followed 12,276 participants over time to identify the risk of developing Long Covid, and found females with a “risk ratio” of 1.31 compared with males, equating to 31 per cent higher associated risk.

This was even when considering factors like race, ethnicity, Covid variant, severity of Covid infection and other non-medical social factors that affect health.

The risk among females for developing long Covid was dependent on age, pregnancy and menopausal status.

“These findings show that patients and health care teams should consider the differences in long COVID risk as it relates to sex assigned at birth,” said Dimpy Shah,  assistant professor of population health sciences at UT Health San Antonio.

“Understanding these differences can help us recognise and treat patients with Long Covid more effectively.”

“This important study from the RECOVER cohort identifies risk factors for long COVID that are critical in providing insights for prevention and treatment of this often debilitating disease,” said Thomas Patterson, professor of medicine at UT Health San Antonio.

Largest cohort study for Long Covid

Worldwide, SARS-CoV-2, a strain of coronavirus that causes Covid-19, has infected more than 700 million people, with an estimated seven million deaths, the study notes. Although many individuals recover from acute Covid-19, a substantial portion experience long-term effects, called Long Covid, or post-Covid condition.

Other post-viral and autoimmune conditions have a female predominance, but whether the same is true for Long Covid, especially within different subgroups, has been uncertain.

Numerous studies had shown that males have more severe acute Covid-19 cases and higher mortality than females. However, emerging literature suggested that females may be at greater risk for new and persisting symptoms following initial infection.

Studies had yet to fully account for factors that may distort the true estimate of biological sex-related risk – like age, menstrual status, comorbidities, vaccination status, variants of concern, severity of acute illness and differential engagement in health care. Some studies relied upon relatively small sample sizes or those lacking ethnic or racial diversity.

The RECOVER researchers set out to evaluate sex differences in the risk of developing Long Covid among adults with SARS-CoV-2 infections, accounting for distorting factors and representing the largest cohort to date followed up in a natural history study of Long Covid.

Data was examined from participants who had a qualifying study visit six months or more after their initial Covid-19 infection. Gender was defined as self-reported sex assigned at birth.

The scientists measured development of Long Covid using a self-reported symptom-based questionnaire and scoring guideline at the first study visit. They used propensity score matching to estimate risk ratios and risk differences.

The full model included demographic and clinical characteristics, and social determinants of health, with a reduced model including only age, race and ethnicity.

The full model found the 31 per cent higher risk for females, with a mean age of infection at 46 years. Among participants aged 40 to 54 years, the risk was even higher – at 42 per cent higher in menopausal participants and 45 per cent higher in non-menopausal female participants, compared with male participants.

“This study gives us new knowledge and builds on other studies that also looked at sex assigned at birth and Long Covid,” Shah said.

“Because of the size of the RECOVER study and the diversity of participants, we had a special opportunity to look at sex assigned at birth while also considering things like vaccination status, autoimmune disease, diabetes, BMI and Covid variant.

“We hope this encourages other researchers to explore why there are differences in the risk of developing Long Covid based on your assigned sex at birth,” she said.

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Mental health

Fear of ageing may age women faster, study suggests

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Ageing anxiety may accelerate biological ageing in women, with fears about worsening health linked to faster epigenetic ageing, according to new research.

The study found that greater anxiety about growing old was associated with accelerated epigenetic ageing, as measured by the DunedinPACE clock, based on biological markers in blood samples.

Epigenetic changes are shifts in how genes are switched on or off without altering DNA itself, which can influence how the body ages and functions.

“Our research suggests that subjective experiences may be driving objective measures of ageing,” said Mariana Rodrigues, a PhD student and the first author of the study.

“Ageing-related anxiety is not merely a psychological concern, but may leave a mark on the body with real health consequences.”

Researchers analysed data from 726 women in the Midlife in the US study.

Participants were asked how much they worried about becoming less attractive with age, having more health issues and being too old to have children.

Blood samples were used to assess ageing with two epigenetic clocks: DunedinPACE, which estimates the pace of biological ageing, and GrimAge2, which estimates cumulative biological damage.

The study was conducted by researchers at NYU School of Global Public Health.

Worrying about declining health showed the strongest links with epigenetic ageing, while anxiety about attractiveness and fertility was not significantly associated with biological markers.

The authors suggest health worries are more common and persist over time, whereas concerns about appearance and reproduction may fade with age.

“Women in midlife may also be multiple in roles, including caring for their ageing parents,” Rodrigues said.

“As they see older family members grow older and become sick, they may worry about whether the same thing will happen to them.”

The authors caution that the study offers a snapshot in time and other factors may influence these biological changes.

When analyses were adjusted for health behaviours such as smoking and alcohol use, the link between ageing anxiety and epigenetic ageing decreased and was no longer significant.

“Our research identifies ageing anxiety as a measurable and modifiable psychological determinant that seems to be shaping ageing biology,” said Adolfo Cuevas, associate professor of social and behavioural sciences and the study’s senior author.

They call for more research to clarify how this anxiety influences ageing over time, to guide support for those experiencing ageing anxiety.

“Ageing is a universal experience.” Rodrigues said.

“We need to start a discourse about how we as a society, through our norms, structural factors and interpersonal relationships, address the challenges of ageing.”

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Insight

WUKA and Royal Yachting Association partner to support women and girls in sailing

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WUKA has announced a groundbreaking partnership with the Royal Yachting Association (RYA), including RYA Scotland and RYA Northern Ireland, supporting women and girls in sailing.

Building on WUKA’s growing #TackleAnything campaign – which has already reached thousands of girls across sports in the UK – this collaboration brings practical period solutions into sailing.

Together, WUKA and the RYA are committed to breaking down barriers so periods never limit confidence, participation, or performance on the water.

Ruby Raut, WUKA founder & CEO, said: “Partnering with the RYA has been incredibly important for us at WUKA.

“Sailing is an amazing way for women and girls to build confidence, and periods shouldn’t hold anyone back from enjoying the water or reaching their full potential.

“Through this partnership and our #TackleAnything campaign, we’re proud to provide practical solutions and innovative products that help female sailors feel comfortable, confident, and free to focus on learning, performing, and having fun.

“Breaking down barriers and supporting women to tackle anything — on land, at sea, and everywhere in between – has never felt more meaningful.”

WUKA, which stands for Wake-Up Kick Ass, shares the RYA’s commitment to inclusivity and empowerment.

In 2023, WUKA launched #TackleAnything, a campaign supporting women, girls and sportspeople with periods. Since its launch, the initiative has reached 3,576 girls across 46 clubs and partnered with a range of sports across the UK – from Scottish Gymnastics to Titans wheelchair basketball – helping young athletes play without limits and stay confident, comfortable, and in the game.

The brand offers period-friendly aquatic apparel and practical solutions that help women train and compete with freedom of movement and total assurance.

Through this partnership, WUKA will provide innovative period swimwear for young sailors across key RYA programmes, including the NI Sailing Team, the RYA Scotland Performance Pathway Programme, and the British Sailing Pathways Talent Academies.

By combining WUKA’s mission to challenge stigma with the RYA’s commitment to inclusion, the partnership ensures young sailors can focus on what matters most – learning, performing, and enjoying their time on the water – with confidence and comfort. RYA members will also receive a 10 per cent discount on WUKA products.

Sailing offers incredible benefits for women and girls, but time on the water can present unique challenges -particularly during menstruation.

Together, WUKA and the RYA are providing practical solutions that remove these barriers, helping young sailors participate fully and confidently in the sport.

Sara Sutcliffe, RYA CEO, said: “At the RYA, we have been making strides to break down barriers for women of all ages to help ensure they can experience the water in a supportive and positive environment.

“From education workshops and practical sessions, we want to make sure our female sailors are empowered and this partnership is another great example of how we can demonstrate possible tools to equip them to succeed”.

This partnership is part of the RYA’s wider commitment to making sailing a sport where women and girls can thrive. Alongside initiatives such as the Female Futures Group, the Women’s Race Officials Programme and all new Talent Academy Female Future’s Camps; it demonstrates a continued focus on removing barriers and creating meaningful opportunities across every stage of the sailing.

WUKA’s involvement ensures that practical solutions are available on the water, from innovative period swimwear to support resources, helping young sailors feel fully equipped and confident during training and competition.

By integrating these tools into RYA programmes, WUKA brings a new level of comfort and assurance to female athletes, allowing them to focus entirely on performance, enjoyment, and growth in the sport.

For any women and girls looking to learn more about sailing, visit www.rya.org.uk.

For more information on WUKA visit www.wuka.co.uk.

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Wellness

Study links changing population to low London screening rates

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London’s shifting population is holding down breast screening uptake, experts have said, with the capital at 62.8 per cent in 2024, below the NHS’s acceptable 70 per cent threshold.

The London Assembly Health Committee recently heard that the capital faces distinct challenges compared with the rest of the country and that these issues must be addressed.

Josephine Ruwende, a cancer screening lead at NHS England, said frequent moves within the rented sector and the cost-of-living crisis pushing people out of London had made it difficult to reach eligible patients, which she described as “population churn”.

She said: “This is people changing addresses and then not updating their GP, this then affects the invitation process because GP details are used to identify individuals who are eligible.

“In boroughs where we have the highest population churn, we see it strongly associated with lower uptake.”

She noted that even in the wealthiest boroughs there can be high levels of movement, with around 40 per cent of residents changing address within a year.

Such areas also tend to have more people who own second homes or spend long periods abroad, making it harder for the NHS to keep contact details up to date.

As a result, screening invitations may be sent to out-of-date addresses or to people who are overseas.

Leeane Graham, advocacy lead at Black Women Rising, which supports women of colour with a cancer diagnosis, said there were cultural barriers, fear and a mistrust of the health service due to previous experience within communities.

She said: “If you’ve never been for a breast screening before, the thought of having a mammogram can be really, really terrifying.”

Helen Dickens, from Breast Cancer Now, said other reasons included a lack of understanding of breast screening, along with concerns about discomfort, trust and practical issues such as travel.

She said: “We have amazing public transport and we feel that we’ve got great accessibility, but we also know that we don’t have screening centres in every borough.

“We know that for some women that barrier of transport and access will still be a really big reason why they’re not attending screenings.”

NHS London launched its first screening campaign last year in response to the figures, aiming to increase detection at an earlier stage.

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