Menopause
Menopause linked to loss of grey matter in the brain, study finds

Menopause is linked to grey matter loss in key brain regions, along with increased anxiety, depression and sleep problems, new research suggests.
The study also found that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) does not appear to mitigate these effects, though it can slow the decline in reaction times.
Grey matter is brain tissue that contains nerve cell bodies and helps process information, control movement and manage memory and emotions.
Dr Christelle Langley from the University of Cambridge department of psychiatry said: “Most women will go through menopause, and it can be a life-changing event, whether they take HRT or not.
“A healthy lifestyle – exercising, keeping active and eating a healthy diet, for example – is particularly important during this period to help mitigate some of its effects.
“We all need to be more sensitive to not only the physical, but also the mental health of women during menopause, however, and recognise when they are struggling.
“There should be no embarrassment in letting others know what you’re going through and asking for help.”
Researchers analysed data from UK Biobank of almost 125,000 women, who were classified into three categories: pre-menopause, post-menopause who have never used HRT, or post-menopause who have used HRT.
Participants answered questionnaires about their experience of the transition, self-reported mental health, sleep patterns and overall health.
Some took part in tests of cognition, including tests of memory and reaction times. Around 11,000 participants also underwent MRI scans, allowing the researchers to examine brain structure.
Post-menopausal women were more likely than those pre-menopause to have sought help from their GP or a psychiatrist for anxiety, nerves or depression, and to score more highly on questionnaires for symptoms of depression.
They were also more likely to have been prescribed antidepressants.
Although women in the HRT group had greater anxiety and depression compared with the non-HRT group, further analysis showed these differences were already present before the transition began.
The researchers suggest that in some cases, a woman’s GP may have prescribed HRT in anticipation of symptoms worsening.
Women post-menopause were more likely to report insomnia, get less sleep, and feel tired.
Those on HRT reported feeling the most tired of all three groups, even though there was no difference in sleep duration between these women and those not on the medication.
In both groups of women post-menopause, the researchers found significant reductions in grey matter volume.
These differences occurred particularly in the hippocampus, which is responsible for forming and storing memories; the entorhinal cortex, a gateway for passing information between the hippocampus and the rest of the brain; and the anterior cingulate cortex, which helps manage emotions, make decisions and focus attention.
Post-menopausal women who were not on HRT had slower reaction times than those yet to start the transition or who were on HRT.
However, there were no significant differences between the three groups when it came to memory tasks.
Dr Katharina Zühlsdorff from the department of psychology at the University of Cambridge said: “As we age, our reaction times tend to get slower – it’s just a part of the natural ageing process and it happens to both women and men.
“You can imagine being asked a question at a quiz – while you might still arrive at the correct answer as your younger self, younger people would no doubt get there much faster.
“Menopause seems to accelerate this process, but HRT appears to put the brakes on, slowing the ageing process slightly.”
Professor Barbara Sahakian, the study’s senior author from the department of psychiatry, added: “The brain regions where we saw these differences are ones that tend to be affected by Alzheimer’s disease.
“Menopause could make these women vulnerable further down the line.
“While not the whole story, it may help explain why we see almost twice as many cases of dementia in women than in men.”
Fertility & pregnancy
Xella Health announces Oura data integration

Xella Health has integrated Oura wearable data into its women’s health platform, allowing members to share trends with clinicians alongside diagnostic results.
Members can choose to share information including sleep, heart rate variability, resting heart rate, temperature trends, recovery, activity and menstrual-cycle data.
The integration is intended to help clinicians investigate biological factors that may explain changes in members’ wearable data and symptoms.
Kelly Lacob, chief executive and co-founder of Xella Health, said: “Wearables detect that something in the body has changed, but wearable data alone can’t tell a woman why or what to do next with that information.”
“By pairing continuous physiological monitoring from Oura with Xella’s multiomic diagnostics and physician-guided care, we enable women to understand how specific health concerns are impacting her biometrics, and vice versa how her daily habits are impacting her overall health and specific conditions or life stages she is navigating.
“Further, we are able to track how her relevant vitals and biometrics respond to specific interventions or treatment plans, so we can optimise her care more efficiently.
“Ultimately, this partnership helps us better address her symptoms today whilst also proactively optimising her long-term health trajectory for decades to come.”
Xella Health combines AI, multiomic testing and physician-guided telehealth care through a membership platform.
Multiomic testing analyses several types of biological information.
Xella said its testing assesses hormonal and metabolic health, inflammation, nutritional status, reproductive health and cardiometabolic risk.
Physicians use those findings to develop personalised care plans that may include clinical treatments.
Clinicians can then review shared Oura trends alongside diagnostic results and member check-ins to monitor progress and adjust care over time.
The company said providers interpret biometric data in the context of each member’s health conditions, goals and treatment plan.
The integration focuses on fertility, perimenopause, hormonal and cardiometabolic health, as well as women’s longer-term health.
Oura has expanded its women’s health offerings through integrations connecting wearable measurements with other sources of health data.
In February, it partnered with at-home hormone tracking company Mira, allowing users to view hormone test results alongside sleep, temperature and readiness data in the Mira app.
The integration is intended to help users track patterns related to fertility, menstrual cycles and perimenopause.
That month, Oura also introduced a women’s health AI model for testing through Oura Labs.
Integrated into Oura Advisor, the model combines biometric data with clinician-reviewed medical information to provide guidance on menstrual cycles, pregnancy and menopause.
In May, the company launched menopause insights and hormonal birth control support.
Its Menopause Insights offering uses a questionnaire covering 22 symptoms of menopause alongside wearable data, while birth control support helps users understand their biometric trends in the context of hormonal contraception.
Menopause
Tech enables men to experience what a hot flush feels like

Partners of women going through menopause will be invited to experience hot flushes using a menopause simulator at a support event in Hull next month.
Health group Over The Bloody Moon will bring one of its MenoVests to the Menopaus’ull Support Network event, allowing people to experience a hot flush.
Sarah Weichardt, who co-manages the project, said: “We’re particularly interested in getting men along to come and experience the MenoVest, just so that they can understand what women go through.
“It’s not just a hot flush, it’s what the hot flush brings with it.
“So it could be panic, it could be anxiety. It’s experiencing it all at the same time.”
MenoVest is billed as the ‘world’s first’ wearable menopause simulator – a garment worn over regular clothing that generates realistic, intense hot flush sensations while the wearer carries on with everyday work tasks.
After just a few minutes wearing it, people gain a genuine sense of what these symptoms feel like, building empathy and highlighting why better support matters during this transition.
Weichardt said she hoped the vest would give people a “better understanding of what women are going through”.
“The more people we can get to experience it, the better,” she added.
Menopause
Short term HRT may raise blood clot risk – study

Short-term oral HRT was linked to a 60 per cent higher rate of serious blood clots in women aged 50 to 69, a large study found.
The increased rate was seen among women using oral hormone replacement therapy for less than a year as well as those treated for more than five years.
By contrast, transdermal HRT, delivered through skin patches, gels or sprays, was not associated with the same increased clot risk.
Researchers at North Zealand Hospital in Denmark analysed health registry data from more than one million Danish women aged 50 to 69 between 2003 and 2021.
During the study period, 9,807 women experienced venous thromboembolism, a serious blood clot in a vein. A further 18,460 had a stroke and 11,974 had a heart attack.
Each affected woman was matched by age with five women who had not experienced the same condition. Researchers adjusted the analysis for other factors, including medical history, that could influence risk.
They then examined HRT prescriptions, including the dose and duration of treatment, and looked for associations with blood clots, stroke and heart attack.
Overall, oral HRT was associated with a 60 per cent higher rate of venous thromboembolism, with increased rates seen for both oestrogen-only therapy and treatment combining oestrogen with progestogen.
Venous thromboembolism occurs when a blood clot forms in a vein. A clot in a deep vein can break away and travel to the lungs, causing a potentially fatal pulmonary embolism.
Women taking oral HRT for less than a year had the same raised blood clot risk as those using it for more than five years.
Even a daily oral dose below 1mg was found to significantly increase blood clot risk.
Women taking a daily oral dose above 1mg for more than five years had an 80 per cent higher risk of both heart attack and stroke.
For women taking a high oral dose for more than one year, the study found a 40 per cent higher risk of heart attack and a 50 per cent higher risk of stroke.
The researchers highlighted the importance of choosing the type, dose and duration of treatment carefully, particularly for patients vulnerable to blood clots.
Dr Robert Storey, professor of cardiology at the University of Sheffield, who was not involved in the research, said the findings demonstrated the importance of ensuring cardiovascular risk factors were “well controlled” in women taking oral HRT.
He added: “The study emphasises the superior safety of patches over oral treatment.”
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