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Global surge in postmenopausal osteoarthritis and associated disability

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Cases of postmenopausal osteoarthritis, and disabilities associated with the condition, have surged globally by more than 130 per cent over the last three decades, data shows.

During this period, East Asia and high income Asia Pacific countries experienced the fastest growth in the condition while excess weight accounted for 20 per cent of the total years lived with the resulting disability, the analysis indicates.

Osteoarthritis is primarily characterised by the deterioration and damage of joint cartilage, accompanied by bony remodelling, joint dysfunction, and chronic pain.

In 2020 alone, an estimated 595 million people worldwide were living with the condition, comprising nearly eight per cent of the world’s population, with postmenopausal women at heightened risk.

To better understand the global impact of osteoarthritis in this group, researchers drew on The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study. This collected and analysed data from 204 countries and territories for the prevalence, severity, and deaths attributable to 371 diseases between 1990 and 2021.

The researchers focused in particular on rates of new and existing cases of knee, hip, hand, and ‘other’ osteoarthritis and years of healthy life lost (DALYs) among postmenopausal women, aged 55 and above.

The menopause signals a decline in oestrogen levels, which not only affects skeletal health, but is also directly linked to the function and stability of the joint system, explain the researchers.

The GBD framework incorporates the SocioDemographic Index (SDI), a composite measure of a nation’s development, based on income per head of the population, average years of education, and fertility rates for those under 25.

And to provide regional estimates of osteoarthritis, these countries and territories were further divided into 21 regions, based on geographic proximity and cultural similarities.

Generally, global age standardised rates of new and existing cases and DALYs for all types of osteoarthritis steadily increased in postmenopausal women across all age groups from 1990 to 2021.

In 2021 there were 14,258,581 new cases; 278,568,950 existing cases; and 99,447,16 DALYs, representing increases of 133 per cent, 140 per cent, and 142 per cent since 1990, respectively.

High SDI areas exhibited significantly greater incidence, prevalence, and DALY rates than other regions, with the exception of other osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis of the knee was the most common type and associated with the highest loss of healthy years of life (1264.48/100,000 people), followed by that of the hand and ‘other’.

At the other end of the spectrum, osteoarthritis of the hip was the least common and associated with the lowest rates of DALYs.

Among the 21 GBD regions, high income Asia Pacific countries had the highest age standardised incidence, prevalence, and DALY rates for knee osteoarthritis per 100,000 people, while countries in Central Asia reported the lowest age standardised rates.

The fastest rise in new cases of knee osteoarthritis occurred in Southeast Asia while the most rapid rise in prevalence and DALYs occurred in East Asia.

The highest burden of hand osteoarthritis was in Central Asia while the lowest was in Oceania. The fastest rise in new and existing cases of hand osteoarthritis, as well as DALYs, was observed in East Asia.

All age standardised rates for hip and other osteoarthritis were relatively similar between older men and women of the same age. But women had significantly higher values for hand and knee osteoarthritis than men of the same age.

Specifically, DALYs  for hand osteoarthritis in 55–59 year old women were nearly twice as high as they were in men of the same age.

Hand and other osteoarthritis showed the fastest growth among 55–59 and 60–64 year old women over the past decade.

Excess weight (BMI), a key risk factor for osteoarthritis, was the only risk factor investigated in the GBD 21 data. It was defined as above 20 to 23 kg/m² for those aged at least 20.

Between 1990 and 2021 DALYs attributable to high BMI among postmenopausal women rose significantly across all SDI categories, and in most regions, with the exception of Central Asia.

Globally, DALYs attributed to high BMI among postmenopausal women increased from around 17 per cent in 1990 to around 21 per cent in 2021. Regions at the upper end of SDIs had the highest proportions of DALYs associated with high BMI, exceeding 20 per cent, with East Asia showing the sharpest rise from around 14 per cent to 23 per cent.

Osteoarthritis attributed to high BMI was consistently more of an issue for women in all regions  of the world and across all SDI categories.

The trends observed in East Asia “may be linked to rapid population ageing, increased workforce participation, and a surge in obesity rates due to urbanisation and changing lifestyles,” suggest the researchers.

“Conversely, the high burden observed in high-income Asia Pacific could be attributed to advanced healthcare systems with better diagnostic capabilities, facilitating comprehensive identification and reporting of [osteoarthritis] cases,” they add.

The researchers acknowledge various limitations to their findings including regional variations in data quality, while data from low income countries were often scarce. The age cut-off of 55 may also have excluded women who were postmenopausal at younger ages.

But they conclude: “The burden of [osteoarthritis] among postmenopausal women continues to escalate, highlighting its significant impact on [their] global health.”

They add: “There is an urgent need for proactive measures to rigorously monitor and manage risk factors, with a particular emphasis on promoting lifestyle adjustments aimed at controlling BMI. Additionally, policies should be implemented that take into account socio-demographic disparities, to effectively alleviate the burden of [osteoarthritis] in postmenopausal women.”

Femtech World Awards

Femtech World Awards 2026: Celebrating initiatives that move women’s health forward

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By Wolfgang Hackl, CEO, OncoGenomX Inc., Allschwil, Switzerland

As the FemTech World Awards 2026 winners are revealed, it is a privilege to reflect on the Research Award 2026 sponsored by OncoGenomX Inc., and on the exceptional standard set by this year’s finalists.

On behalf of OncoGenomX Inc., sincere thanks to every applicant and congratulations go to the nominees whose work continues to push women’s health innovation forward.

Research Awards matter because they do more than recognize excellence in a single moment; they help elevate the science, courage, and systems thinking needed to transform women’s health at scale.

This year’s three finalists represented three different but equally important forms of progress. Natural Cycles brought forward one of the largest studies ever conducted on menstrual and ovulatory patterns in perimenopause, analysing nearly one million cycles from more than 197,000 women across over 140 countries.

That project stood out for both its dataset scale and its ability to translate new evidence into a regulated product designed to support women navigating a historically under-researched life stage.

IVI RMA stood out for scientific rigor and clinical precision. Its multicenter, double-blinded, non-selection study on non-mosaic segmental aneuploid embryos offered high-quality evidence on implantation and live birth outcomes, helping move fertility care away from assumption and toward a more evidence-based approach to embryo management and patient counseling.

UN ESCAP’s ‘Femtech in South-East Asia: Unlocking innovation for women’s health’ stood out for a different reason.

Rather than focusing on one product area or one clinical question, it mapped an entire emerging ecosystem.

The report examined the state of femtech across key South-East Asian markets, documented barriers such as financing gaps, stigma, weak ecosystem support, and data challenges, and then translated that research into practical recommendations for governments, investors, founders, and ecosystem builders.

In many ways, all three finalists are winners.

Each project excelled on core evaluation criteria including originality, relevance, coherence, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, and sustainability.

Each also offered something genuinely valuable to the future of women’s health: stronger evidence, clearer decision-making, more informed product development, and greater visibility for unmet needs that have gone too long without sufficient attention.

The final decision was therefore a genuine head-to-head race.

The jury supported its discussion with a numerical scoring approach, but it also looked carefully at systems impact: the extent to which a project not only advances one intervention, but improves the wider conditions under which innovation can emerge, scale, and endure.

That perspective mattered in this category, because the strongest research is not always only the most technically impressive; sometimes it is the research that opens doors for many future innovations to follow.

On that basis, the OncoGenomX Jury selected UN ESCAP as the winner of the Research Award.

The decisive factor was not simply that the report was comprehensive, though it was.

It was that the project helps change the environment around innovation itself.

It provides a practical roadmap for strengthening research, improving data governance, expanding founder support, addressing gender bias in investment, scaling innovative finance, and integrating women’s health more fully into policy and development agendas.

That broader enabling effect is what distinguished the UN ESCAP project. Natural Cycles demonstrated outstanding research translation, and IVI RMA demonstrated exceptional clinical rigor.

UN ESCAP, however, showed how research can influence the structures that determine whether many other femtech solutions will ever be funded, adopted, trusted, and scaled. In that sense, its impact reaches beyond one company, one product, or one clinical pathway, and toward a healthier innovation landscape overall.

Warm congratulations again to all finalists and nominees.

And special congratulations to UN ESCAP on receiving the OncoGenomX Research Award at the Femtech World Awards 2026.

The jury’s decision reflects deep respect for all three projects and a shared belief that women’s health advances fastest when excellent science is paired with the power to reshape the systems around it.

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WEC Chair calls out Health Minister’s delay on banning BBLs and other harmful cosmetic procedures

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WEC chair Sarah Owen has criticised delays over a ban on high harm cosmetic procedures, including liquid BBLs.

The Women and Equalities Committee has published a letter from health minister Karin Smyth after the government missed the 18 April deadline to respond to the committee’s report on cosmetic procedures.

The report, published on 18 February, recommended that high harm procedures such as liquid Brazilian butt lifts, known as BBLs, should be banned immediately without further consultation.

MPs said the government is “not moving quickly enough” in introducing a licensing system for non-surgical cosmetic procedures and “should accelerate regulatory action”.

They also warned that “this lack of timely action is fostering complacency in self-regulation” within the industry.

In her letter, Smyth said the Department of Health and Social Care had “taken the decision to first of all focus on introducing legal safeguards for the cosmetic procedures posing the highest risks and I can confirm that we plan to consult on draft regulations in June”.

The letter added:

“Our intention is to issue a formal government response to the WEC report, once our consultation setting out our proposed approach and underpinning legislation is published.

“I acknowledge the concerns around the government’s pace of delivery in this area but, as you will appreciate, this is a complex area of policy and striking the balance between increased patient safety, placing new requirements on businesses and introducing proportionate and enforceable regulation is challenging.

“I recognise that regulation has not kept pace with the expansion of the aesthetics industry and, on that basis, I can assure you that we are committed to implementing licensing in the current parliament.”

Owen, chair of the Women and Equalities Committee and Labour MP, said:

“Further consultation and delay on clamping down on high harm procedures such as liquid BBLs is unacceptable. It allows unscrupulous people to continue to put women at risk and lets down those who have lost loved ones following these practices or who have come to serious harm themselves.

“As WEC’s report warned back in February, procedures that are deemed high risk such as liquid BBLs and liquid breast augmentations, which have already been shown to pose a serious threat to patient safety, should be banned immediately.

“While it is positive to hear a licensing system for non-surgical cosmetic procedures will be introduced within this Parliament, this issue requires faster regulatory progress, particularly in high harm areas, and the Government is not moving quickly enough.

“The Committee previously heard a powerful and shocking testimony from a woman who developed sepsis after having a liquid BBL. Her experience and those of many others provides clear evidence of the need to tackle this evolving wild west.”

A liquid BBL is a non-surgical procedure intended to alter the shape of the buttocks.

Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening response to infection that can lead to organ damage if not treated quickly.

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Menopausal hormone therapy could prevent bone loss or lower fracture risk – study

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Women who do not use menopausal hormone therapy have a greater risk of developing osteopenia or osteoporosis, conditions that weaken bones and can lead to fractures, disability and loss of independence, new research suggests.

The retrospective cohort study included 387 postmenopausal women who underwent DXA scans between 2021 and 2025. A DXA scan is an imaging test used to measure bone mineral density.

Participants were classed as menopausal hormone therapy users, who made up 33 per cent of the group, or non-users, who made up 67 per cent.

Low bone mineral density was defined as osteopenia, where bones are weaker than normal, or osteoporosis, where bones become more fragile and more likely to break.

Women taking menopausal hormone therapy had about 69 per cent lower risk of low bone mineral density in the spine and hip compared with those not using it.

The association remained after researchers accounted for age, time since menopause, vitamin D levels, smoking and other health conditions.

Diego Espinoza-Peralta, vice president of the Mexican Society of Nutrition and Endocrinology and principal investigator at Investigación Médica Sonora, said: “For years, many women have avoided menopausal hormone therapy because of safety concerns and warning labels.

“This study revisits that narrative and shows that menopausal hormone therapy may have an important added benefit: protecting bone health. That shifts the conversation from ‘avoid if possible’ to ‘reconsider in the right patient.’

“In simple terms: menopausal hormone therapy appears to independently protect bones, not just by coincidence.”

The findings suggest hormone therapy could help some women find relief from menopausal symptoms while preventing bone loss or lowering fracture risk.

Espinoza-Peralta said: “Clinicians may begin to weigh its benefits more carefully, especially in women early after menopause, potentially improving long-term health and quality of life.”

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