News
Global surge in postmenopausal osteoarthritis and associated disability
Cases of postmenopausal osteoarthritis, and disabilities associated with the condition, have surged globally by more than 130 per cent over the last three decades, data shows.
During this period, East Asia and high income Asia Pacific countries experienced the fastest growth in the condition while excess weight accounted for 20 per cent of the total years lived with the resulting disability, the analysis indicates.
Osteoarthritis is primarily characterised by the deterioration and damage of joint cartilage, accompanied by bony remodelling, joint dysfunction, and chronic pain.
In 2020 alone, an estimated 595 million people worldwide were living with the condition, comprising nearly eight per cent of the world’s population, with postmenopausal women at heightened risk.
To better understand the global impact of osteoarthritis in this group, researchers drew on The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study. This collected and analysed data from 204 countries and territories for the prevalence, severity, and deaths attributable to 371 diseases between 1990 and 2021.
The researchers focused in particular on rates of new and existing cases of knee, hip, hand, and ‘other’ osteoarthritis and years of healthy life lost (DALYs) among postmenopausal women, aged 55 and above.
The menopause signals a decline in oestrogen levels, which not only affects skeletal health, but is also directly linked to the function and stability of the joint system, explain the researchers.
The GBD framework incorporates the SocioDemographic Index (SDI), a composite measure of a nation’s development, based on income per head of the population, average years of education, and fertility rates for those under 25.
And to provide regional estimates of osteoarthritis, these countries and territories were further divided into 21 regions, based on geographic proximity and cultural similarities.
Generally, global age standardised rates of new and existing cases and DALYs for all types of osteoarthritis steadily increased in postmenopausal women across all age groups from 1990 to 2021.
In 2021 there were 14,258,581 new cases; 278,568,950 existing cases; and 99,447,16 DALYs, representing increases of 133 per cent, 140 per cent, and 142 per cent since 1990, respectively.
High SDI areas exhibited significantly greater incidence, prevalence, and DALY rates than other regions, with the exception of other osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis of the knee was the most common type and associated with the highest loss of healthy years of life (1264.48/100,000 people), followed by that of the hand and ‘other’.
At the other end of the spectrum, osteoarthritis of the hip was the least common and associated with the lowest rates of DALYs.
Among the 21 GBD regions, high income Asia Pacific countries had the highest age standardised incidence, prevalence, and DALY rates for knee osteoarthritis per 100,000 people, while countries in Central Asia reported the lowest age standardised rates.
The fastest rise in new cases of knee osteoarthritis occurred in Southeast Asia while the most rapid rise in prevalence and DALYs occurred in East Asia.
The highest burden of hand osteoarthritis was in Central Asia while the lowest was in Oceania. The fastest rise in new and existing cases of hand osteoarthritis, as well as DALYs, was observed in East Asia.
All age standardised rates for hip and other osteoarthritis were relatively similar between older men and women of the same age. But women had significantly higher values for hand and knee osteoarthritis than men of the same age.
Specifically, DALYs for hand osteoarthritis in 55–59 year old women were nearly twice as high as they were in men of the same age.
Hand and other osteoarthritis showed the fastest growth among 55–59 and 60–64 year old women over the past decade.
Excess weight (BMI), a key risk factor for osteoarthritis, was the only risk factor investigated in the GBD 21 data. It was defined as above 20 to 23 kg/m² for those aged at least 20.
Between 1990 and 2021 DALYs attributable to high BMI among postmenopausal women rose significantly across all SDI categories, and in most regions, with the exception of Central Asia.
Globally, DALYs attributed to high BMI among postmenopausal women increased from around 17 per cent in 1990 to around 21 per cent in 2021. Regions at the upper end of SDIs had the highest proportions of DALYs associated with high BMI, exceeding 20 per cent, with East Asia showing the sharpest rise from around 14 per cent to 23 per cent.
Osteoarthritis attributed to high BMI was consistently more of an issue for women in all regions of the world and across all SDI categories.
The trends observed in East Asia “may be linked to rapid population ageing, increased workforce participation, and a surge in obesity rates due to urbanisation and changing lifestyles,” suggest the researchers.
“Conversely, the high burden observed in high-income Asia Pacific could be attributed to advanced healthcare systems with better diagnostic capabilities, facilitating comprehensive identification and reporting of [osteoarthritis] cases,” they add.
The researchers acknowledge various limitations to their findings including regional variations in data quality, while data from low income countries were often scarce. The age cut-off of 55 may also have excluded women who were postmenopausal at younger ages.
But they conclude: “The burden of [osteoarthritis] among postmenopausal women continues to escalate, highlighting its significant impact on [their] global health.”
They add: “There is an urgent need for proactive measures to rigorously monitor and manage risk factors, with a particular emphasis on promoting lifestyle adjustments aimed at controlling BMI. Additionally, policies should be implemented that take into account socio-demographic disparities, to effectively alleviate the burden of [osteoarthritis] in postmenopausal women.”
Adolescent health
WUKA and Royal Yachting Association partner to support women and girls in sailing
WUKA has announced a groundbreaking partnership with the Royal Yachting Association (RYA), including RYA Scotland and RYA Northern Ireland, supporting women and girls in sailing.
Building on WUKA’s growing #TackleAnything campaign – which has already reached thousands of girls across sports in the UK – this collaboration brings practical period solutions into sailing.
Together, WUKA and the RYA are committed to breaking down barriers so periods never limit confidence, participation, or performance on the water.
Ruby Raut, WUKA founder & CEO, said: “Partnering with the RYA has been incredibly important for us at WUKA.
“Sailing is an amazing way for women and girls to build confidence, and periods shouldn’t hold anyone back from enjoying the water or reaching their full potential.
“Through this partnership and our #TackleAnything campaign, we’re proud to provide practical solutions and innovative products that help female sailors feel comfortable, confident, and free to focus on learning, performing, and having fun.
“Breaking down barriers and supporting women to tackle anything — on land, at sea, and everywhere in between – has never felt more meaningful.”
WUKA, which stands for Wake-Up Kick Ass, shares the RYA’s commitment to inclusivity and empowerment.
In 2023, WUKA launched #TackleAnything, a campaign supporting women, girls and sportspeople with periods. Since its launch, the initiative has reached 3,576 girls across 46 clubs and partnered with a range of sports across the UK – from Scottish Gymnastics to Titans wheelchair basketball – helping young athletes play without limits and stay confident, comfortable, and in the game.
The brand offers period-friendly aquatic apparel and practical solutions that help women train and compete with freedom of movement and total assurance.
Through this partnership, WUKA will provide innovative period swimwear for young sailors across key RYA programmes, including the NI Sailing Team, the RYA Scotland Performance Pathway Programme, and the British Sailing Pathways Talent Academies.
By combining WUKA’s mission to challenge stigma with the RYA’s commitment to inclusion, the partnership ensures young sailors can focus on what matters most – learning, performing, and enjoying their time on the water – with confidence and comfort. RYA members will also receive a 10 per cent discount on WUKA products.
Sailing offers incredible benefits for women and girls, but time on the water can present unique challenges -particularly during menstruation.
Together, WUKA and the RYA are providing practical solutions that remove these barriers, helping young sailors participate fully and confidently in the sport.
Sara Sutcliffe, RYA CEO, said: “At the RYA, we have been making strides to break down barriers for women of all ages to help ensure they can experience the water in a supportive and positive environment.
“From education workshops and practical sessions, we want to make sure our female sailors are empowered and this partnership is another great example of how we can demonstrate possible tools to equip them to succeed”.
This partnership is part of the RYA’s wider commitment to making sailing a sport where women and girls can thrive. Alongside initiatives such as the Female Futures Group, the Women’s Race Officials Programme and all new Talent Academy Female Future’s Camps; it demonstrates a continued focus on removing barriers and creating meaningful opportunities across every stage of the sailing.
WUKA’s involvement ensures that practical solutions are available on the water, from innovative period swimwear to support resources, helping young sailors feel fully equipped and confident during training and competition.
By integrating these tools into RYA programmes, WUKA brings a new level of comfort and assurance to female athletes, allowing them to focus entirely on performance, enjoyment, and growth in the sport.
For any women and girls looking to learn more about sailing, visit www.rya.org.uk.
For more information on WUKA visit www.wuka.co.uk.
Insight
Study links changing population to low London screening rates
London’s shifting population is holding down breast screening uptake, experts have said, with the capital at 62.8 per cent in 2024, below the NHS’s acceptable 70 per cent threshold.
The London Assembly Health Committee recently heard that the capital faces distinct challenges compared with the rest of the country and that these issues must be addressed.
Josephine Ruwende, a cancer screening lead at NHS England, said frequent moves within the rented sector and the cost-of-living crisis pushing people out of London had made it difficult to reach eligible patients, which she described as “population churn”.
She said: “This is people changing addresses and then not updating their GP, this then affects the invitation process because GP details are used to identify individuals who are eligible.
“In boroughs where we have the highest population churn, we see it strongly associated with lower uptake.”
She noted that even in the wealthiest boroughs there can be high levels of movement, with around 40 per cent of residents changing address within a year.
Such areas also tend to have more people who own second homes or spend long periods abroad, making it harder for the NHS to keep contact details up to date.
As a result, screening invitations may be sent to out-of-date addresses or to people who are overseas.
Leeane Graham, advocacy lead at Black Women Rising, which supports women of colour with a cancer diagnosis, said there were cultural barriers, fear and a mistrust of the health service due to previous experience within communities.
She said: “If you’ve never been for a breast screening before, the thought of having a mammogram can be really, really terrifying.”
Helen Dickens, from Breast Cancer Now, said other reasons included a lack of understanding of breast screening, along with concerns about discomfort, trust and practical issues such as travel.
She said: “We have amazing public transport and we feel that we’ve got great accessibility, but we also know that we don’t have screening centres in every borough.
“We know that for some women that barrier of transport and access will still be a really big reason why they’re not attending screenings.”
NHS London launched its first screening campaign last year in response to the figures, aiming to increase detection at an earlier stage.
Features
The hidden cost of “business as usual” in gynecologic surgery
A Common Surgery with Outsized Consequences
Hysterectomy and myomectomy are among the most frequently performed surgeries worldwide.
Minimally invasive and robotic approaches have delivered clear benefits at the point of care, including shorter hospital stays, faster recovery, and fewer complications.
To remove the uterus or fibroids through small incisions, surgeons use a technique known as morcellation, in which tissue is cut into smaller pieces for extraction during surgery.
However, when tissue is cut without containment, those short-term gains can be offset by downstream harm.
The risks fall into three interconnected categories:
- dissemination of undiagnosed malignancy
- spread of benign tissue, including endometriosis and parasitic fibroids
- legal and financial exposure linked to off-label device use
Crucially, these costs often surface years after the original procedure and rarely where the original cost savings were realized.
Cancer Dissemination: A Known and Preventable Risk
The risk of occult uterine malignancy in women undergoing surgery for presumed benign fibroids is well documented.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has estimated this risk at approximately 1 in 350 women, prompting repeated safety communications recommending tissue containment during morcellation.
When morcellation is performed without containment, undiagnosed cancer will be dispersed throughout the abdominal cavity, effectively upstaging disease from localised to disseminated.
The clinical implications are profound, and so are the economic consequences.
Treatment costs for early-stage uterine cancer typically range from $40,000 to $60,000. Once disease becomes disseminated, costs can exceed $150,000 to $300,000, excluding indirect costs such as lost productivity, long-term disability, and caregiver burden.
Beyond treatment expenses, litigation related to morcellation-associated cancer spread has resulted in multi-million-dollar settlements, particularly during the power morcellation litigation wave of the mid-2010s. Several cases explicitly tied disease progression to tissue dissemination during surgery.
From a system perspective, a single preventable dissemination event can negate the cost savings of hundreds of minimally invasive procedures.
Benign Tissue Seeding: The Long Tail of Surgical Cost
Cancer is not the only concern.
Uncontained morcellation has also been associated with the spread of benign tissue, including parasitic fibroids and iatrogenic endometriosis, conditions that may present years after the index surgery.
Endometriosis alone represents one of the most expensive chronic gynecologic conditions. Multiple health economic studies estimate annual per-patient costs of $12,000 to $16,000, with lifetime costs exceeding $100,000, driven by repeat surgeries, chronic pain management, hormonal therapy, and fertility interventions.
While the financial impact may surface years later, downstream harm is increasingly traced back to the index procedure, including the choice between FDA-cleared containment and off-label alternatives used during tissue extraction.
Off-Label Use and the Quiet Accumulation of Liability
One of the least visible, but most consequential, dimensions of morcellation risk lies in off-label device use.
Many tissue bags currently used during morcellation are not FDA-cleared for prevention of tissue spillage during organ cutting and removal. While off-label use is common in medicine, it carries distinct legal and financial implications when complications occur.
Risk management guidance from MedPro Group, one of the largest medical malpractice insurers in the United States, has repeatedly warned that off-label use increases professional liability exposure in three key ways:
1. Burden of justification
When an FDA-cleared alternative exists, the legal burden shifts to the surgeon to prove that off-label use met the standard of care.
2. Informed consent vulnerability
Standard consent language may be insufficient for off-label device use, increasing exposure to failure-to-warn claims if complications arise.
3. Changed liability dynamics
Off-label use alters traditional liability dynamics, increasing scrutiny on clinical decision-making at the hospital and surgeon level.
Legal scholarship published in Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research has echoed these concerns, noting that courts increasingly allow off-label status to be considered in malpractice cases, particularly when patient harm occurs and safer alternatives were available.
Recent U.S. court decisions have further reinforced that while off-label use is generally permitted, it is not immune from civil liability and, in rare but serious circumstances, criminal consequences when tied to demonstrable patient harm.
FDA Guidance Exists, Adoption Lags Behind
Regulatory expectations around morcellation are no longer ambiguous. The FDA has consistently called for tissue containment during tissue cutting to mitigate the risks of cancer and tissue dissemination.
Yet real-world adoption remains inconsistent.
A 2025 survey reported by News-Medical found widespread gaps in safe tissue containment during laparoscopic gynecologic surgery.
Respondents cited variability in training, institutional protocols, and access to FDA-cleared containment systems. Many surgeons reported reliance on improvised or non-cleared solutions despite growing awareness of regulatory and legal risk.
The result is a widening gap between guidance and practice, one that is increasingly visible to regulators, insurers, and hospital leadership.
Who Ultimately Pays?
The economic impact of uncontained morcellation does not fall on a single stakeholder.
- Hospitals face litigation exposure, rising malpractice premiums, re-operations, and reputational risk.
- Surgeons shoulder personal liability, heightened scrutiny around informed consent, and evolving standards of care.
- Payers absorb downstream oncology costs, chronic disease management, and repeat interventions.
- Patients bear the heaviest burden, including preventable morbidity, fertility loss, financial toxicity, and erosion of trust.
Taken together, these costs far exceed the price of prevention.
From Clinical Risk to Market Response
This growing recognition of risk has begun to reshape the market.
Before regulatory scrutiny intensified, power morcellation was widely adopted because it saved time, reduced operating room burden, and supported high procedural throughput.
It represented a multi-billion-dollar global market, supported by major surgical device manufacturers and deeply embedded in minimally invasive gynecologic practice.
The withdrawal of power morcellation from many hospitals did not eliminate the clinical need for efficient tissue extraction. Instead, it created a prolonged gap between surgical efficiency and acceptable risk.
That gap is now beginning to close.
With the emergence of FDA-cleared tissue containment systems designed specifically for morcellation, hospitals are reassessing whether power morcellation can be responsibly reintroduced in a manner aligned with regulatory guidance, patient safety, and liability mitigation.
This has significant implications for operating room efficiency, surgeon ergonomics, and system-wide cost management.
One example is Ark Surgical, a U.S.-focused surgical technology company advancing safety-first approaches to tissue extraction.
Its double-wall, airbag-like LapBox containment chamber was developed to support FDA-aligned morcellation while integrating into existing laparoscopic workflows, an increasingly important consideration as hospitals evaluate not just procedural efficiency, but long-term risk exposure.
Ark Surgical is currently in an active investment round, reflecting broader investor interest in technologies that address regulatory-driven risk while unlocking previously constrained markets.
More broadly, capital is flowing toward solutions that make it possible to restore clinical efficiency without reintroducing legacy risk.
The Cost Question Is No Longer “If,” but “When”
Healthcare systems already absorb the cost of uncontained morcellation through litigation, chronic disease management, repeat interventions, and loss of trust.
What has changed is visibility.
As clinical data, regulatory expectations, and market solutions converge, the question is no longer whether containment matters, but whether healthcare systems can afford to continue treating it as optional.
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