Insight
Study reveals how bacteria can promote breast cancer

Harmful bacteria may worsen breast cancer by switching on an enzyme that damages DNA and helps tumours grow, researchers say.
The study found that pathogenic bacteria seen in gut and breast tissue, including Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Escherichia coli, boosted activity of spermine oxidase (SMOX).
This rise was linked to DNA damage, tumour growth and metastasis (the spread of cancer) in lab and animal models.
The work, led by researchers at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, links microbial dysbiosis (an imbalance of helpful and harmful bacteria) with tumour behaviour and points to SMOX as a possible treatment target.
“Microbes don’t just reside in our gut. They can directly influence cancer behaviour,” said Dipali Sharma, professor of oncology at the centre and the study’s lead investigator.
“We found that an overabundance of certain pathogenic bacteria triggers inflammation and activates SMOX, producing reactive oxygen species that damage DNA and fuel tumour growth.
“By blocking SMOX, we were able to dramatically reduce tumour formation in our preclinical models.”
The researchers focused on enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF), a strain that secretes a toxin that can reshape bacterial communities and has been linked to cancer.
When breast cancer cells or mouse mammary tissue were exposed to ETBF or its toxin, SMOX levels surged, driving oxidative stress (cell damage caused by reactive molecules), inflammation and genomic instability, where DNA becomes more prone to mutations.
Further experiments found that F. nucleatum and toxin-producing E. coli had similar effects, while non-pathogenic bacteria did not.
The bacteria also triggered rises in inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), which further increased SMOX expression and activity.
“Inflammatory cytokines stimulate SMOX, SMOX generates oxidative stress, and the resulting DNA damage helps tumours grow and spread,” said Deeptashree Nandi, a postdoctoral fellow working with Sharma and first author of the study.
“This establishes a self-perpetuating loop.”
To test whether the bacterial effect could be blocked, the investigators treated breast cancer cells in laboratory and animal models with two SMOX inhibitors (MDL72527 and SXG-1).
Both suppressed SMOX activity, reduced markers of DNA damage and halted tumour progression, even in the presence of pathogenic bacteria.
Mice colonised with ETBF developed more, faster-growing mammary tumours than uninfected controls, but those given SMOX inhibitors had smaller tumours, fewer metastases and lower markers of oxidative DNA damage.
“These findings suggest that pharmacological inhibition of SMOX could be a viable strategy to counteract the cancer-promoting effects of microbial dysbiosis,” Sharma said.
The team also found the mechanism was not limited to a single strain.
Pathogenic F. nucleatum, E. coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture extracts also triggered SMOX activity and DNA injury in breast cancer cells.
“This convergence across distinct bacterial species suggests that SMOX may represent a shared molecular hub through which microbes influence cancer biology,” Sharma said.
The findings suggest that measuring SMOX activity or analysing microbial composition could help identify women at higher risk of aggressive disease.
The researchers are exploring SMOX inhibitors as potential additions to standard therapies and investigating how microbe-driven inflammation affects tumour immune responses.
“Understanding how bacteria communicate with cancer cells opens entirely new avenues for prevention and treatment,” said Sharma.
“If we can interrupt that conversation, particularly by targeting SMOX, we may be able to slow or even stop cancer progression in patients affected by microbial imbalance.”
Insight
GSK ovarian and womb cancer drug shows promise in early trial

GSK said its ovarian cancer drug shrank or cleared tumours in more than 60 per cent of patients in an early trial as CCO Luke Miels pushes faster development.
The company said that in an early-stage trial, Mocertatug Rezetecan, known as Mo-Rez, shrank or eliminated tumours in 62 per cent of patients with ovarian cancer after chemotherapy had failed, and in 67 per cent of those with endometrial cancer.
Hesham Abdullah, GSK’s global head of cancer research and development, said: “Treatment of gynaecological cancers remains a major challenge, with a pressing need for new therapies that offer improved response rates.
“With Mo-Rez we now have compelling evidence of a promising clinical profile.”
GSK acquired the Mo-Rez treatment, an antibody-drug conjugate, from China’s Hansoh Pharma in late 2023 and has trialled it in 224 patients around the world, including the UK, over the past year.
Only a few patients needed to stop treatment because of side effects, the most common being nausea.
It is given every three weeks by intravenous infusion, meaning directly into a vein.
Combined with data from a separate intermediate trial in China, the results have given the British drugmaker the confidence to go straight to late-stage trials, with five clinical studies planned globally in the next few months, including on patients in the UK.
Speaking to journalists before the conference, Abdullah described Mo-Rez as a “key asset” in the company’s growing cancer portfolio.
It is expected to be a blockbuster drug, with peak annual sales of more than £2bn, which GSK hopes will help it achieve its 2031 sales target of £40bn.
A few years ago GSK did not have any cancer drugs on the market, but it now has four approved medicines and 13 in clinical development.
Last year, oncology generated nearly £2bn in sales, up 43 per cent from 2024, with sales of its endometrial cancer drug Jemperli rising 89 per cent.
Insight
Self-employment linked to better cardiovascular health outcomes in Hispanic women

Self-employment is linked to lower rates of high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, poor health and binge drinking in Hispanic women, research suggests.
The findings, published in the peer-reviewed journal Ethnicity & Disease, suggest work structure may be related to cardiovascular disease risk among this group.
Dr Kimberly Narain is assistant professor of medicine in the division of general internal medicine and health services research at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, senior author of the study, and director of health services and health optimisation research for the Iris Cantor-UCLA Women’s Health Center.
She said: “Hispanic women experience a disproportionate burden of heart disease compared to non-Hispanic women. This is the first study to link the structure of work with risks for heart disease among this group of women.”
The researchers examined 2003 to 2022 data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to assess the association between self-employment, cardiovascular disease risk factors and health outcomes for Hispanic women.
The data included 165,600 Hispanic working women. Of those, about 21,000, or 13 per cent, were self-employed rather than working for wages or a salary.
Overall, the researchers found that self-employed women were less likely to report cardiovascular-disease-associated health problems.
They were also about 11 per cent more likely to report exercising compared with their non-self-employed counterparts.
Specifically, they found that self-employed Hispanic women had a 1.7 percentage point lower chance of reporting diabetes, roughly a 23 per cent decline.
They also had a 3.3 percentage point lower chance of reporting hypertension, roughly a 17 per cent decline.
The study also found a 5.9 percentage point lower chance of reporting obesity, roughly a 15 per cent decline.
It found a 2.0 percentage point lower chance of reporting binge drinking, roughly a 2 per cent decline.
It also found a 2.5 percentage point lower chance of reporting poor or fair overall health, roughly a 13 per cent decline.
The relationship between heart disease risks and the structure of work among Hispanic women was not driven by access to healthcare or differences in income, Narain said.
In fact, the decrease in high blood pressure linked to self-employment was nearly as large as the decrease in high blood pressure linked to being in the highest income group.
The study has some limitations.
The researchers relied on self-reported outcomes, which might be less reliable among ethnic and racial minorities and those from a lower socioeconomic background.
In addition, the researchers’ definition of poor mental health does not entirely match the accepted definition in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
They also did not have data allowing them to examine the specific types of occupations held by the women.
The study design also cannot prove any causal relationship between self-employment and cardiovascular disease risk, which is a subject the researchers will explore.
“The next step in the research is to conduct studies that are able to better assess if the structure of work is a cause of higher heart disease risks among Hispanic women.”
Narain said this.
Study co-authors are Lisette Collins, who led the research, and Dr Frederick Ferguson of UCLA.
Grants from the Iris Cantor-UCLA Women’s Health Center-Leichtman-Levine-TEM program and the UCLA National Clinician Scholars Program supported the research.
Insight
Working from home linked to higher fertility, research finds
Entrepreneur2 weeks agoThree sessions that show exactly where women’s health is heading in 2026
News4 weeks agoLuna and Kindbody partner to bring data-driven insight to women’s health and fertility care
News4 weeks agoFemtech World Awards announces deadline extension
Fertility4 weeks agoMenstruation costs £20,359 a lifetime, sparking calls for Government action
Menopause3 weeks agoCalifornia plans US$3.4m menopause care overhaul
News4 weeks agoHalogen Ventures surpasses 100 investments in female-founded startups
Menopause3 weeks agoWatchdog bans five ads for women’s heath claims
Pregnancy2 weeks agoHow NIPT has evolved and what AI NIPT means in 2026














1 Comment