Hormonal health
Immune cells linked to longer-lasting pain in women

Differences in immune cells may explain why chronic pain lasts longer in women than men, according to new research.
The study identified a subset of monocytes, a type of white blood cell, that release interleukin-10, or IL-10, a molecule that signals pain-sensing nerves to switch off pain. These cells were found to be more active in males, linked to higher levels of sex hormones such as testosterone.
Females experienced longer-lasting pain and slower recovery because their monocytes were less active. The same pattern was observed in both mouse models and human patients.
Researchers first detected unexpectedly higher levels of IL-10 in males during a small pilot project. When a second test confirmed the finding, they used high-dimensional spectral flow cytometry, a laboratory technique that allows detailed analysis of immune cells, to investigate further. Blocking male sex hormones produced the opposite effect.
Geoffroy Laumet, associate professor of physiology at Michigan State University, said: “The difference in pain between men and women has a biological basis. It’s not in your head, and you’re not soft. It’s in your immune system.”
Pain occurs when specialised neurons throughout the body respond to stimulation. In people with chronic pain, these sensors can be activated by mild stimulation or even none at all. Doctors often rely on patients rating pain on a scale of one to 10, and when more women report persistent pain, the difference has often been attributed to perception or reporting rather than biology.
The team carried out at least five types of tests in mouse models to confirm the findings. They then worked with Sarah Linnsteadt at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, who was studying psychological outcomes in people involved in car accidents. Her research showed a similar pattern, with men having more active IL-10-producing monocytes and resolving pain faster.
Jaewon Sim, a former graduate student in Laumet’s laboratory, said: “I feel extremely fortunate that we trusted those early, uncertain findings and chose to pursue them further.”
Laumet said: “This study shows that pain resolution is not a passive process. It is an active, immune-driven one.”
The findings shift attention from how pain begins to why it persists. The next step is to investigate whether treatments could target this pathway and boost IL-10 production. While any new treatment is likely to be decades away, the research could eventually support non-opioid approaches to managing chronic pain.
“Future researchers can build on this work,” Laumet said. “This opens new avenues for non-opioid therapies aimed at preventing chronic pain before it’s established.”
Menopause
Non-hormonal menopause pill approved for NHS use

A new daily menopause pill approved for NHS use could bring relief to women with debilitating hot flushes and night sweats.
Around 500,000 women are expected to be eligible for the treatment, which experts say could help those unable to take hormone replacement therapy, or HRT.
The drug, fezolinetant, also known as Veoza, is a daily non-hormonal tablet designed to target the brain signals that trigger some of the most disruptive menopause symptoms.
In final draft guidance published today, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommended the 45mg tablet for women experiencing moderate to severe hot flushes and night sweats.
More than two million women in the UK are thought to suffer these symptoms during menopause, often beginning during the earlier stage known as perimenopause.
For many, the effects are severe, disrupting sleep, affecting concentration and straining relationships. In some cases women are even forced to cut back on work.
An estimated 60,000 women in the UK are currently out of work or on long-term sick leave due to severe menopause symptoms, costing the economy roughly £1.5bn a year.
Research also suggests one in 10 women has left the workforce entirely because of a lack of support.
Insight
Women’s health leaders warn of censorship
Features
Study reveals how oestrogen protects women from high blood pressure

Oestrogen helps protect premenopausal women from hypertension by relaxing and widening blood vessels, according to new research examining why women develop high blood pressure less often before menopause.
High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, affects more than a billion people worldwide and is a leading cause of heart disease and stroke.
Premenopausal women are less likely to develop the condition than men or postmenopausal women, but the biological reason has been unclear.
Researchers used a mathematical model of the cardiovascular and kidney systems to analyse how oestrogen influences blood pressure.
The analysis found that oestrogen’s strongest protective effect comes from vasodilation, the process by which blood vessels relax and widen, helping blood flow more easily and lowering pressure in the arteries.
Anita Layton, Canada 150 Research Chair Laureate in Mathematical Biology and Medicine and professor of applied mathematics, said: “Oestrogen is often thought of only in terms of reproductive health, but it plays a much broader role in how the body functions.
“It affects how blood vessels respond, how the kidneys regulate fluids and how different systems communicate with one another.
“What we found is that its impact on blood vessels is especially important for regulating blood pressure.”
The findings may also have implications for treating women after menopause, when oestrogen levels naturally decline.
The model predicted that angiotensin receptor blockers, a common class of blood pressure drugs, could be more effective than another widely used treatment group known as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in treating women with hypertension, even after oestrogen levels decline after menopause.
Layton said her team has spent years developing a mathematical model of women’s kidneys and the cardiovascular system, designed to explore how different biological mechanisms affect blood pressure.
The model allows researchers to test individual effects separately and examine how each influences the body.
“We can turn on one effect, then another, and see exactly how each one affects the body,” Layton said.
She added: “For too long, women’s health, especially older women’s health, has been overlooked by medicine.
“Understanding how age and sex affect the body and, therefore, treatment, is an equity issue.”
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