Hormonal health
PMS linked to increased risk of heart disease

Women diagnosed with premenstrual symptoms may face a higher risk of cardiovascular disease later in life, new research suggests.
A long-term study tracked more than 99,000 women with premenstrual symptoms for up to 22 years, comparing their outcomes with women who did not have such symptoms.
Researchers found that those affected had around a 10 per cent higher overall risk of developing cardiovascular disease, with particularly strong associations with stroke and heart rhythm disorders.
The study, led by researchers at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden, focused on women diagnosed with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and the more severe premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). These conditions cause psychological and physical symptoms that typically begin a few days before menstruation and ease shortly after.
To account for genetic and environmental influences, the researchers compared affected women both with unrelated women and with their own sisters.
The analysis showed that women with premenstrual symptoms had a 31 per cent higher risk of developing heart rhythm disorders, known as arrhythmias, and a 27 per cent higher risk of stroke caused by a blood clot. These elevated risks remained even after adjusting for factors such as smoking, body mass index and mental health conditions.
“The increased risk was particularly clear in women who were diagnosed before the age of 25 and in those who had also experienced postnatal depression, a condition that can also be caused by hormonal fluctuations,” said Yihui Yang, PhD student at the Institute of Environmental Medicine at Karolinska Institutet and first author of the study.
The researchers suggested several possible reasons for the link. One is that women with premenstrual symptoms may have disrupted regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which helps control blood pressure and fluid balance. Another is that they may have higher levels of inflammation, a known contributor to atherosclerosis – hardening of the arteries – and other cardiovascular diseases. A third is the presence of metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of stroke and heart attack.
“We hope that our findings will contribute to greater awareness that premenstrual disorders not only affect daily life but can also have consequences for long-term health,” said Donghao Lu, associate professor at the same department and last author of the study.
The findings suggest that women diagnosed with premenstrual disorders, particularly at a young age or those with a history of postnatal depression, may benefit from closer monitoring of their cardiovascular health.
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Non-hormonal menopause pill approved for NHS use

A new daily menopause pill approved for NHS use could bring relief to women with debilitating hot flushes and night sweats.
Around 500,000 women are expected to be eligible for the treatment, which experts say could help those unable to take hormone replacement therapy, or HRT.
The drug, fezolinetant, also known as Veoza, is a daily non-hormonal tablet designed to target the brain signals that trigger some of the most disruptive menopause symptoms.
In final draft guidance published today, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommended the 45mg tablet for women experiencing moderate to severe hot flushes and night sweats.
More than two million women in the UK are thought to suffer these symptoms during menopause, often beginning during the earlier stage known as perimenopause.
For many, the effects are severe, disrupting sleep, affecting concentration and straining relationships. In some cases women are even forced to cut back on work.
An estimated 60,000 women in the UK are currently out of work or on long-term sick leave due to severe menopause symptoms, costing the economy roughly £1.5bn a year.
Research also suggests one in 10 women has left the workforce entirely because of a lack of support.
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