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Exposure to wildfire smoke late in pregnancy may raise child autism risk

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Exposure to wildfire smoke in late pregnancy may raise the chance a child is later diagnosed with autism, a recent study has found.

The study analysed more than 200,000 births in Southern California from 2006 to 2014.

Researchers found that children whose mothers were exposed to smoke during the third trimester were more likely to be diagnosed with autism by age five.

The strongest association was seen among mothers exposed to more than 10 days of smoke during the final three months of pregnancy.

In that group, children had a 23 per cent higher risk of diagnosis compared with those whose mothers were never exposed during pregnancy.

The study, led by Tulane University researchers, is the first to examine the potential link between prenatal wildfire smoke exposure and autism.

The findings do not prove a causal link but add to evidence that air pollutants can harm foetal neurological development.

Mostafijur Rahman is corresponding author and assistant professor of environmental health sciences at the Celia Scott Weatherhead School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine at Tulane University.

The researcher said: “Both autism and wildfires are on the rise, and this study is just the beginning of investigating links between the two.

“As climate change increases the frequency and intensity of wildfires in many parts of the world, understanding their relationship with autism is important to being able to develop preventive policy and interventions that will protect pregnant women and their children.

The study focused solely on California, which leads the nation in both yearly acres burned by wildfire and rates of childhood autism diagnoses.

It also comes one year after the Eaton and Palisades fires destroyed more than 16,000 structures in the second and third most destructive California wildfires on record, respectively.

Since 2000, the prevalence of Autism diagnoses has increased each year, a trend often attributed in part to greater awareness and screening.

Research has also linked prenatal exposure to air pollution with risk, with heavy metals in particles a commonly theorised culprit.

Fires can cause high spikes of air pollution in a short time. Burning vegetation and buildings release toxic metals and other pollutants that can be inhaled.

Fine particles in smoke can pose a threat regardless of toxicity. Inhalation of smoke can cause inflammation and stress.

In the study, mothers of children diagnosed with autism tended to be older, more likely never to have had a previous pregnancy, and had a higher prevalence of pre-pregnancy diabetes and obesity.

Four times as many boys were diagnosed with autism as girls.

The potential association in the third trimester aligns with a 2021 Harvard University study that also found a higher risk in children linked to air pollution exposure during late pregnancy, a period marked by rapid foetal brain growth and development.

David Luglio is lead author and post-doctoral fellow with the Celia Scott Weatherhead School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine.

He said: “Further study is needed to understand how wildfire smoke exposure to pregnant mothers could cause autism in their children, and to determine how exposure may interact with biology, genetics and other environmental exposures.

“This study is just one piece of a much larger puzzle, and the findings tell us there are more pieces to be put together.”

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W Group reveal two-stage programme for Women’s Health Week Europe 2026

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Women’s Health Week Europe 2026 has released its full programme ahead of the October event at The Emirates Stadium in London on 7–8 October, with 700+ senior decision-makers and 80+ speakers confirmed across what will be the organisation’s most ambitious edition to date.

For the first time, the event will run across two dedicated stages, each built around a distinct set of questions facing the women’s health industry.

The Global Stage takes on the macro forces shaping the sector: where capital is flowing, how AI is transforming diagnosis and treatment, the gender data gap, wearable technology, stigmatised markets, and the policy landscape across Europe.

Confirmed speakers include Merete Clausen (EIF), Frida Polli (MIT), Nichole Young-Lin (Google), Alison Cave (MHRA), Emily Darlington MP, Kerry Buckley (Boots), Tim Davis (LSEG), Henriette Hessen (Verdane), Hillary Ball (Atomico), and Christine Hockley (British Business Bank).

The Scale Stage runs in parallel, focused on execution: how to navigate regulatory approval pathways, survive the valley of death, build the evidence stack that wins payers and partners, implement AI into a women’s health business, and position for acquisition. Sessions include a reverse pitch format, in which corporates and investors pitch to founders, and a founder’s guide to getting acquired.

The programme also includes two Pitch competitions, one per day, across the Consumer & Tech and Medical Devices & Therapeutics categories, with 16 finalists competing on the mainstage in front of the full delegate audience.

Every session is case study-driven, with speakers selected on the basis of having lived the problem they are on stage to solve.

Women’s Health Week Europe 2026 takes place 7–8 October at The Emirates Stadium, London. The full programme is available now.

View the 2026 programme here

Pre-agenda pricing ends 26 June

Tickets are currently available at pre-agenda pricing, with savings of up to £600 off standard pricing. The deadline is midnight on Friday 26 June. After that, prices go up.

Secure your place: https://wplatform.co/summits/womens-health-week-europe-2026?utm_source=advocacy&utm_medium=ext_email&utm_campaign=whw-europe-26-femtech-world#tickets

Also at The Emirates: Women’s Sport Summit 2026

The day before WHW Europe, on 6 October, The Emirates Stadium will also host the inaugural Women’s Sport Summit, a dedicated one-day event bringing together 400+ attendees from across sport, business, and investment. Focused on the commercial side of women’s sport, the Summit covers the full sports cycle: money, product, and market. Where women’s sport means business.

Find out more: https://wplatform.co/summits/womens-sport-summit-europe-2026?utm_source=advocacy&utm_medium=ext_email&utm_campaign=whw-europe-26-femtech-world

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Most IVF add-ons not backed by reliable evidence, research finds

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Most IVF add-ons lack reliable evidence, with benefits either absent or inconclusive, the largest review of its kind has found.

More than 70 per cent of IVF patients in the UK, Australia and New Zealand reportedly pay for one or more additional treatments.

However, researchers found that most of the procedures, medicines and techniques had no effect on fertility or were backed by limited or low-quality evidence.

Unproven add-ons can also lead to false hope, greater financial strain and unnecessary medical procedures at an already difficult time for patients.

Dr Sarah Lensen, of the University of Melbourne, said: “In many countries, infertility care is largely provided by private clinics where IVF is highly commercialised, and some add-ons are extremely expensive.

“Our review finds a lack of evidence that most of the IVF add-ons we assessed provide any benefit to patients. Unproven add-ons can lead to false hope, greater financial strain and unnecessary medical procedures at what already can be a very difficult time for patients.”

Researchers said concerns have grown in recent years about potentially untrustworthy randomised controlled trials in reproductive medicine, including studies of IVF add-ons.

The team set out to review the effectiveness and safety of 10 commonly offered add-ons using trustworthy studies.

Researchers initially identified 157 potentially eligible randomised controlled trials but excluded 72 because of concerns about their reliability.

Randomised controlled trials compare treatments by assigning participants to different groups, helping researchers assess whether an intervention causes a particular outcome.

The team combined data from the remaining 85 trials in a meta-analysis, which brings together findings from several studies.

The review found no effect on fertility or inconclusive evidence for seven of the 10 add-ons examined.

These included acupuncture, which involves inserting thin needles into points on the body, and corticosteroids, medicines that reduce inflammation and suppress immune activity.

Endometrial receptivity testing was also not backed by reliable evidence. The procedure involves taking a sample from the lining of the womb to examine patterns of gene activity.

Another add-on was intralipid infusion, which delivers a fat-containing liquid into the bloodstream.

Researchers separately examined injections of platelet-rich plasma into the ovaries and infusions of platelet-rich plasma into the womb.

Platelet-rich plasma is made from a patient’s blood and contains a high concentration of platelets, which play a role in healing.

The seventh treatment was pre-implantation genetic testing for aneuploidy, which examines embryos to check whether they have the expected number of chromosomes.

The review found only weak evidence of a possible benefit from three other add-ons.

EmbryoGlue, an embryo transfer medium containing hyaluronic acid, may increase the probability of pregnancy and live birth. However, the evidence on live birth rates was not considered robust.

Endometrial scratching, a minor procedure that deliberately disturbs the lining of the womb, may also increase the probability of pregnancy and live birth.

Physiological intracytoplasmic sperm injection, known as PICSI, selects sperm based on their ability to bind to hyaluronic acid. Weak evidence suggested it may reduce the risk of miscarriage.

Lensen said: “There is widespread misinformation about IVF add-ons with private clinic websites and patient forums on social media – major information sources for patients – often overstating the benefits and omitting the costs and risks of add-ons.

“IVF clinics and clinicians should carefully consider whether it is appropriate to offer unproven add-ons, as their availability is often perceived by patients as implicit endorsement of benefit.”

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Changes in AI mammogram risk scores help predict future breast cancer

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Changes in AI mammogram scores may help predict breast cancer years before diagnosis, research involving more than 54,000 women suggests.

Scores rose steadily among women who later developed the disease but remained broadly stable among those who did not.

The increase could be detected up to six years before diagnosis and became much steeper during the final two years.

Researchers led by Professor Constance Lehman, of Harvard Medical School and healthcare technology company Clairity, analysed screening mammograms taken between 2009 and 2019.

They used a validated, open-source deep learning model to calculate five-year breast cancer risk scores from the images alone.

Deep learning is a form of artificial intelligence trained to recognise complex patterns in large amounts of data.

The model examined the whole mammogram rather than relying on a limited, predetermined feature such as breast density.

Models of this kind have performed better than traditional risk models and breast density alone when estimating a woman’s five-year breast cancer risk.

The study initially included 239,703 consecutive two-dimensional screening mammograms from 89,882 patients across six imaging sites spanning urban tertiary, community-based and rural settings.

All were standard bilateral full-field digital mammography examinations, taken with or without digital breast tomosynthesis.

Digital breast tomosynthesis uses multiple low-dose X-ray images to create a three-dimensional view of the breast.

After exclusions, the final analysis involved 54,014 women with a median age of 61 and a total of 158,807 mammograms.

Each woman contributed one index examination and up to six previous annual mammograms. Women had a median of three scans each.

For women who developed cancer, the index examination was their final screening mammogram within the year before diagnosis. For the cancer-free group, it was their final mammogram during the five-year study period.

The model did not use demographic information, clinical records or historical imaging data when calculating each score.

Of the women included, 817, or one per cent, were diagnosed with breast cancer within 365 days of their index examination.

This included 451 women, or 55 per cent, with invasive breast cancer and 118, or 14 per cent, with ductal carcinoma in situ, known as DCIS.

DCIS occurs when abnormal cells are found inside a milk duct but have not spread into the surrounding breast tissue.

The cancer type was unknown for the remaining 248 patients, representing 30 per cent of the cancer group.

A total of 682 cancers, or 83 per cent, were detected through screening, while 135, or 17 per cent, were interval cancers diagnosed between routine mammograms.

The other 53,197 women were not diagnosed with breast cancer during follow-up and formed the cancer-free comparison group.

Professor Lehman said: “We observed clinically relevant differences in risk trajectories between women who did and did not develop cancer. The increase in scores among cancer patients was detectable as early as six years prior to diagnosis and became more pronounced over time.”

Among women later diagnosed with the disease, the median score rose from 2.1 five to six years before diagnosis to 6.6 at the index examination.

Scores among cancer-free women remained stable, with median values ranging from 1.8 to 2.2 throughout the study.

The rise among women who developed cancer was steepest during the two years before their index examination.

Professor Lehman said: “These findings demonstrate signals, invisible to the human eye, in the image alone can predict future risk. This is exciting, because 85 per cent of women diagnosed with breast cancer do not have a significant family history of breast cancer or known genetic mutations.”

Most breast cancers are considered sporadic, meaning they are not driven by inherited genetic changes or a family history of the disease.

Traditional risk models have a limited ability to distinguish between women who will and will not develop breast cancer when used across large screening populations.

Researchers said tracking how scores change over time could provide more information than calculating risk at a single appointment.

Professor Lehman said: “AI-derived risk scores can identify patients who are otherwise predisposed to the disease, and our findings demonstrate that image-based AI risk scores evolve over time and that changes in those scores may provide additional information about future breast cancer risk.”

The patterns remained consistent when women were grouped by age and breast density.

Breast density describes the amount of fibrous and glandular tissue visible on a mammogram. Dense tissue can make cancers harder to detect and is also associated with an increased risk of the disease.

Researchers said image-based scores could support personalised screening and risk-reduction strategies without relying on self-reported or inconsistent clinical information.

Professor Lehman said: “These trends remained robust across subgroups defined by age and breast density, further supporting the generalisability of our findings. This is particularly relevant given persistent disparities in screening performance across patient populations. A dynamic biomarker approach grounded in the imaging data could mitigate some of these disparities by enabling risk-based personalisation that does not rely on self-reported or inconsistent clinical data.”

A biomarker is a measurable sign that can indicate a person’s health, disease risk or response to treatment.

Changing scores could eventually help clinicians identify women who may benefit from additional imaging or measures intended to reduce their risk.

Professor Lehman said: “With the power of AI, computer vision, and the ability to extract predictive data, we are able to apply the power of imaging to risk assessment and preventing disease from developing. Having a dynamic risk score opens up a whole new domain of more effective preventive therapies for breast cancer, similar to how we screen for and treat patients with high cholesterol and hypertension.”

AI image-based risk scores are included in the 2026 National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines.

The guidelines recommend that, from the age of 35, women with an elevated five-year risk score of more than 1.7 per cent consider breast MRI alongside annual mammography.

An AI image-based model approved by the US Food and Drug Administration is already being used to calculate five-year breast cancer risk at selected US healthcare institutions.

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