Menopause
Low iron could cause brain fog during menopause transition, study suggests

New research has shed light on an understudied area of science: iron levels in the blood and their relationship to cognitive performance in women transitioning into menopause.
Published in the journal Nutrients, the study suggests that when women have adequate levels of iron in their blood during the menopausal transition, they perform better on cognitive tasks. Moreover, sufficient iron in the blood did not equate to unsafe levels of iron in the brain, which has been shown to elevate the risk for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s.
“When a woman makes the menopausal transition, she’s no longer losing blood on a monthly basis, which means she’s no longer losing iron,” said Michael Wenger, a professor of psychology at the OU College of Arts and Sciences and a lead author of the study. “We wanted to see if the cost of being low on iron disappears during the menopausal transition. Very few studies have been done in this area.”
The research team measured iron levels in the blood, conducted MRIs to see the amount of iron in the brain, and assessed behavioural measures of cognition. None of the women in the study were deficient in iron; however, quite a few were below where they should be for their age. The women who were below expected levels of iron in the blood performed worse on measures of memory, attention and cognition.
“Our previous research has shown that being iron-deficient extracts some serious costs in terms of cognitive performance,” Wenger said. “If I were to give a woman with iron deficiency a simple task in which she presses a button every time an asterisk appears on a screen, the deficiency would cost her about 150 milliseconds. That doesn’t sound like a lot, but we make simple decisions like that when we choose every word we say in a sentence. Those 150 milliseconds add up.”
Importantly, the amount of iron in the blood did not predict how much iron was deposited in a woman’s brain, Wenger said. “We have known for some time that the accumulation of iron in the brain is a risk factor for developing conditions like Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia,” he said.
“This data was surprising, and good news because it appears that having iron levels that are at or above what you should expect for your age does not mean you’re accumulating more iron in your brain.”
Being deficient in iron is not the same thing as being anaeamic. Low iron is a risk factor for anaemia, Wenger said, but people can become anaemic for other reasons. However, women visiting their OB-GYN typically are not tested for iron deficiency, which may be a missed opportunity.
“Low iron could easily be one of the reasons that a woman is experiencing brain fog during the menopausal transition,” he said.
“It also may be why some women talk about their eyesight changing during menopause. Iron is a critical element in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter dopamine, and the eye is dependent upon dopamine for basic signalling at the first point of contact with light.”
Although taking iron supplements is usually not the best course of action since they cause major gastrointestinal side effects, a low dose could be effective, as would diet changes to consume more foods high in iron, Wenger said.
“Making these minor changes could make a woman’s transition from pre- to post-menopause easier to bear,” he said.
Because part of the study was conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic, enrolment wasn’t as high as the research team would have liked. They plan to seek funding to conduct a larger study.
“I feel like we’ve had a pretty good understanding of post-menopause health, such as watching for cardiovascular issues and osteoporosis, but we haven’t known as much about what to do during this in-between phase, and it’s actually way more bothersome to people,” said OB-GYN and study co-author Pamela Miles, an associate professor in the OU College of Medicine.
Menopause
Enter the menopause innovation award before it’s too late

If you are working in menopause care and have not yet entered the Femtech World Awards, you have until this Friday, 17 April, to put your work forward.
The award celebrates those leading the way in reshaping how menopause is understood and supported across healthcare and society.
The winner will have demonstrated exceptional innovation in addressing the health, wellbeing and quality of life needs of people going through this transition.
Judges will assess impact, inclusivity, accessibility and the ability to challenge stigma while delivering meaningful, real-world solutions.
The scope is intentionally broad.
Whether you have developed a digital platform, a diagnostic tool, a pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical treatment, a workplace support programme or something that does not sit neatly within a single category, if your work is improving the menopause experience, this award is for you.
Who is behind the award
The category is sponsored by Cross-Border Impact Ventures (CBIV), an impact venture capital firm investing in early growth stage health technology companies across medical devices, diagnostics, therapeutics and digital health.
Every company CBIV supports must show relevance to women’s, children’s and adolescents’ health, with the ambition to scale into emerging markets.
Annie Thériault, managing partner at Cross-Border Impact Ventures, said: “Being part of the FemTech World Awards gives us a front-row seat to the most exciting breakthroughs in women’s health.
“It’s a powerful way to stay connected to the pulse of innovation and the future of care.”
What you stand to gain
Entry is free.
Every shortlisted organisation receives extensive coverage across all Femtech World platforms, placing your innovation in front of a global audience of investors, clinicians, industry leaders and potential partners.
The winner also receives a trophy and a dedicated interview.
The deadline is this Friday
Nominations and entries close on 17 April.
After that, the Femtech World team will shortlist the strongest submissions, with the final decision made by a representative from CBIV.
Find out more about the awards and enter for free here.
Menopause
Premature menopause raises long-term heart risk by 40%, study finds

Women who enter natural menopause before age 40 face about a 40 per cent higher lifetime risk of developing coronary heart disease than women who experience menopause later, according to a large study that is the first to calculate lifetime heart risk associated with premature menopause.
The findings suggest that doctors should routinely ask women about age at menopause, using the menopausal transition as an opportunity to identify higher-risk women and intervene earlier.
Dr Priya Freaney is assistant professor of medicine in the division of cardiology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
She said: “When menopause happens before age 40, women still have more than half of their life expectancy ahead of them.
“Understanding their cumulative lifetime risk of blockage-related heart disease is critical.”
Coronary heart disease is a condition where the heart’s arteries become blocked or narrowed by a buildup of fatty deposits called plaque.
By restricting blood flow to the heart, these plaques can lead to sudden events (heart attacks) or gradual damage (weakened heart muscle).
The study of more than 10,000 U.S. women followed for decades also found that premature menopause was three times more common among Black women than white women (15.5 per cent vs. 4.8 per cent).
According to Freaney, the disparity likely reflects a complex mix of life-course exposures, health conditions and structural inequities rather than solely inherent biological differences.
Freaney and colleagues analysed data from 10,036 postmenopausal Black and white women who participated in six long-running U.S. studies, including the Framingham Heart Study, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and the Women’s Health Initiative.
The women were followed between 1964 and 2018.
During that time, the Northwestern scientists found more than 1,000 cases of coronary heart disease events in the data, including fatal and non-fatal heart attacks.
Even after accounting for cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, obesity, hypertension and diabetes, premature menopause was associated with 41 per cent higher risk of coronary heart disease for Black women and 39 per cent increased risk for white women.
The scientists note in the study that the causes of premature menopause are not fully understood and are likely multifactorial.
Potential contributors include genetic, biological and environmental factors, as well as earlier age of the first menstrual period, health behaviors (such as smoking), obesity and the cumulative effects of chronic stress.
It is also unclear whether the menopausal transition itself creates a vascular environment that promotes disease, or whether women who experience premature menopause already have an underlying risk profile that predisposes them to both premature menopause and cardiovascular disease.
Even at the average age, menopause’s hormonal changes can affect cardiovascular health.
During menopause, declining estrogen levels trigger changes that increase coronary heart disease risk.
“As the natural estrogen declines, no matter what age it happens in, cholesterol and blood pressure go up, body fat distribution shifts to the abdomen, muscle mass gets lower, blood sugars can become dysregulated and arteries stiffen,” said Freaney, who also is director of the Women’s Heart Care Program at Northwestern Medicine Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute.
“Together, these changes over a short period increase the risk of heart disease.”
Freaney said women who experience premature menopause should think of it as an early signal to take their heart health seriously.
“Tell yourself: I have to be far more proactive than my neighbor about my own heart health,” Freaney said.
“The vast majority of heart disease is preventable, but people need to know that they’re at risk early in life because effective prevention takes decades.
“Tell your doctor, ‘I experienced premature menopause. What can we do to protect my heart?’” she suggests.
The findings also highlight a gap in how menopause is discussed in medical care, according to Freaney.
“All clinicians need to get comfortable asking about menopause because we have estrogen receptors from our head to our toes.”
For years, menopause has largely been treated as a gynecologic issue, she said. But the hormonal transition affects nearly every system in the body, including the cardiovascular system.
That means cardiovascular clinicians should routinely ask about menopause history when assessing long-term cardiovascular risk.
“Historically, women have been vastly understudied in cardiovascular science, and we still have much to learn about how menopause influences heart health,” Freaney said.
Menopause
Cardiff opens its first women’s health hub as nationwide rollout begins

Cardiff’s first women’s health hub has opened, offering specialist perimenopause and menopause support for women aged 40 to 65.
Minister for mental health and wellbeing Sarah Murphy visited the East Cardiff Menopause Hub this week to learn about the new service, which brings together patient-centred advice, treatment and community support under one roof.
The hub forms part of a Wales-wide network of pathfinder women’s health hubs established during the first phase of delivering the Women’s Health Plan.
Women registered with one of the East Cardiff GP Cluster practices will be able to access extended 20-minute consultations, available face-to-face, by telephone or online, with GPs who have specialist experience in menopause care.
Practice nurses will also provide broader healthcare support, including blood pressure checks, lifestyle advice and guidance on hormone replacement therapy.
A Menopause Café, open to women of all ages, will offer a welcoming community space to share experiences and ask questions.
Sarah Murphy said: “It was fantastic to visit the Maelfa hub and see first-hand how Cardiff and Vale University Health Board is bringing high-quality, compassionate care closer to home for women in East Cardiff.
“Women’s health hubs will make it easier for women in Wales to get care when they need it.
“As the pathfinder hubs are rolled out, we’ll be listening to women’s feedback and adapting to make sure we are building a health service which meets the needs of women and girls, now and for generations to come.”
By March, every health board in Wales will have a pathfinder women’s health hub. Each health board has received an additional £300,000 this financial year to support their development.
The hubs form part of the Women’s Health Plan, which includes more than 60 actions to close the gender health gap and is based on feedback from around 4,000 women across Wales.
Dr Claire Beynon, executive director of public health at Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, said: “Too many women feel unsupported or unheard when seeking help for the symptoms of menopause.
“The East Cardiff Menopause Hub is a really positive step in bringing high-quality, compassionate care closer to home, with longer appointments and specialist expertise focused on women’s health needs.
“By combining clinical care with community support, this service helps women feel informed, confident and in control of their health. It also reflects our wider commitment to reducing health inequalities.”
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