Pregnancy
Variability in cell division promotes healthy development in embryos
There is variability in when and how cells divide during the development of embryos. While researchers traditionally believed this variability was an obstacle that needed to be regulated, the Hiiragi group now found that it actually promotes healthy development.
An embryo consists of cells. These cells divide to make new cells, allowing the embryo to grow. The cells experience variability in how and when they divide and in how they interact with each other. Scientists traditionally believed that this variability was an obstacle to proper development of the embryo and needed to be filtered out.
The Hiiragi group has now published a study in Science suggesting otherwise. The results encourage other scientists to see the potential of variability and could have significant impact on assisted reproductive technology.
Development of embryos
“We found that the randomness in when and how cells divide actually helps embryos to develop properly,” says Dimitri Fabrèges, a postdoc researcher in the Hiiragi group. He and his colleagues studied embryos of mice, rabbits and monkeys and were surprised by what they found.
“Even though the timing of cell divisions were random, the embryos still formed organized and functional structures,” Fabrèges explains.
Interacting cells
Every time cells divide and make new cells, an embryo grows. Consequently, all cells have to rearrange themselves in the growing embryo to form an organised structure.
The Hiiragi group used so-called morphomaps to track how cells arrange themselves in space during development. Additionally, they analysed how the cells physically interact with each other to form a connected structure – also called topology, and track how it changes in time and shapes the embryo.
Healthy development
The researchers found that higher variability in cell division leads to a more optimal arrangement of cells within the embryo, which promotes healthy development.
“Our work suggests that the variability in when and how cells divide and how they interact with each other is not just tolerated in the developing embryo. It actually plays a functional role in promoting robust development,” Fabrèges explains.
Wellbeing of embryos
These results paint a radically different picture than was traditionally believed. “The role of variability in embryonic development is deeply overlooked in our field of research. But now, we show that it actually drives more precise and robust tissue development,” says Fabrèges.
He and his colleagues hope that their study encourages other scientists to see the potential of variability.
“It may even be possible that variability and topology are accurate predictors of the well-being of an embryo, which could have significant impact on assisted reproductive technology,” he concludes.
Pregnant women are among the first groups offered the NHS flu vaccine this winter, which has been updated to better match the subclade K strain.
Schoolchildren are also being prioritised and, like pregnant women, can receive the vaccine from September because they can catch and spread flu easily.
Protecting them also helps others, including younger siblings and grandparents.
Other eligible groups, including people aged 65 and over, will be able to receive a free NHS flu vaccine from October and should receive an invitation by phone or post.
Dr Amanda Doyle from NHS England said: “Last year’s flu season came early and was made worse by a new variant, which had a major impact for patients and put enormous pressure on urgent and emergency care services across the country.
“With the NHS experiencing its busiest summer on record, staff have started preparing for this winter earlier than ever – and with services already under significant pressure, it is vital that everyone offered the vaccine comes forward.”
Last winter’s flu season began more than a month earlier than usual as a new mutated strain circulated.
The strain was sometimes referred to as “Super flu”, although this is not a medical term and does not mean the virus is harder to treat. The name reflected that people had yet to build up immunity against it.
Flu vaccines are updated each year to better match the influenza viruses expected to circulate. These viruses continually mutate, so experts must predict how they are likely to change.
This winter’s vaccine includes changes intended to provide a better match for subclade K.
It remains unclear when flu will begin circulating widely this winter or how severe the season will be. Experts often look at flu activity in southern hemisphere countries such as Australia and New Zealand for indications of how the UK season could develop.
Their flu season peaks in July or August. Australia has recorded fewer cases than last year, while New Zealand has experienced high numbers.
Everyone is at risk of catching flu, regardless of age or how fit and healthy they are.
Doyle said: “Flu can really knock you for six, and for some children and pregnant women it can mean becoming seriously ill or ending up in hospital.”
The flu vaccine cannot give you flu. Instead, it helps the body know how to fight the virus.
Children aged two and over receive a nasal spray version, while adults receive an injection. One dose is needed ahead of winter.
Free NHS flu vaccines are available through pharmacies, GPs and schools. People who are not eligible for a free vaccination can pay around £10 to £20.
Schoolchildren and pregnant women can receive a free NHS flu vaccine from September onwards.
From October, free vaccination will also be available to children aged two or older who have not yet started school, people aged 65 and over, those with certain long-term health conditions, care home residents and carers of older or disabled people, including those receiving a carer’s allowance.
It will also be available to people living with someone who has a weakened immune system and those experiencing homelessness or staying in a homeless hostel or night shelter.
More adults will also be offered vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a virus that attacks the lungs, this winter.
From September, adults with certain pre-existing health conditions, such as chronic lung disease, will be invited for the RSV vaccine when they turn 65 rather than waiting until 75.
Four leading cardiovascular health groups have agreed new guidance for healthcare professionals assessing patients with suspected heart attacks.
Historically, some less common forms of heart attack, which evidence shows affect women far more than men, have been classified as less important, with treatment and care often worse as a result.
Experts said women had been receiving less effective treatments that did not always target the specific cause of their heart attack and could even make them more unwell.
The changes were announced in Munich on the opening day of the annual congress of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
Professor Bryan Williams, chief scientific and medical officer of the British Heart Foundation, said: “This is a landmark moment, a radical shift in how we define and diagnose heart attacks worldwide which will transform people’s care.
“For decades, women have missed out on accurate diagnoses and treatment.
“This focus on finding less common causes of heart attacks, which predominantly affect women, should help to change that. It could be life-changing for huge numbers of women in the UK and worldwide.”
The new guidance upgrades three types of heart attack that can be up to 10 times more common in women and are often caused by childbirth, exercise and emotional stress.
The most serious cases, previously known as “type 1” and now classed as “primary” heart attacks, had previously prioritised those caused by a clot blocking blood flow to the heart.
Other forms can involve reduced blood flow for different reasons, including the tightening or tearing of coronary arteries. These can be more likely to be missed or treated less urgently.
The guidance also introduces a lower diagnostic threshold for women based on levels of troponin, a protein released into the blood when the heart is injured and damaged.
Previously, women were expected to meet the same troponin threshold as men to receive a diagnosis.
Williams said the streamlined heart attack categories would also help patients understand the cause of their heart attack and what comes next.
The three upgraded types are coronary artery spasm, coronary embolism and spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD).
Coronary artery spasm involves the tightening of an artery, which can deprive the heart muscle of blood and oxygen. It can be caused by emotional stress, exercise or extreme cold.
Coronary embolism occurs when a blood clot or fatty deposit travels to a coronary artery and causes a blockage.
SCAD is caused by a tear in a coronary artery. Around 80 per cent of cases occur in women, and it often happens during or soon after pregnancy.
Professor Nicholas Mills, a cardiologist at the University of Edinburgh who led the international taskforce behind the guidance, said it was “the first time that we’ve had a truly global approach to aligning how we diagnose what is probably the most important diagnosis there is”.
He said: “It kills so many people, and we’ve never got everyone together around the world to agree how we’re going to describe it, classify it, explain it to our patients.
“Our job now is to implement this as widely as possible. It’s just as relevant for the UK as it is for any other country around the world. It is a revolution. It’s going to make care better for patients.”
Mills said there had been “unintended systematic bias against women”, including through the use of the key blood test for diagnosing heart attacks at an average level, which picks up all men but misses some women.
He said: “This is used for all types of heart attack in every emergency department in the world, and we want to make sure that it’s used correctly.”
The guidance was drawn up by the ESC, the American College of Cardiology, the American Heart Association and the World Heart Federation.
KOVE Medical has raised €1.7 million to support first-in-human studies of an implantable device designed to reduce preterm birth risk after foetal surgery.
The University of Zurich spin-off is developing a device designed to close defects left by surgical instruments following fetoscopy, a minimally invasive procedure performed inside the womb.
Fetoscopies can treat life-threatening conditions before birth but require surgical instruments to pass through the uterine wall and amniotic sac.
This can weaken the protective membrane, causing fluid leakage or rupture and often leading to preterm birth.
KOVE Medical said in a statement on LinkedIn: “This is a crucial step forward for our company, and we are incredibly grateful for the strong support and trust from our syndicate of visionary angel investors.”
KOVE Medical says its device closes the defect at the end of the procedure, stabilising the membrane and preventing complications. The aim is to make in-utero interventions safe enough to become a standard method of care.
The company plans to use the seed funding to reach first-in-human studies, a key milestone for a medical device seeking regulatory approval.
The CHF1.6m round was backed by a syndicate of angel investors.
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