Pregnancy complications may leave women more vulnerable to the long-term heart effects of stress, a recent study suggests.

A study of more than 3,000 women in their first pregnancy found persistently higher stress levels were associated with higher blood pressure after pregnancy, specifically in women who had adverse pregnancy outcomes including preeclampsia, preterm birth, having a baby that was small for gestational age, meaning smaller than expected for that stage of pregnancy, or stillbirth.

Among women who experienced these complications, higher stress levels over time were associated with blood pressure that was 2 mm Hg higher than that of the low-stress group during the years two to seven after delivery.

This was not the case among women who did not experience adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Virginia Nuckols, lead author of the study and a postdoctoral fellow in the University of Delaware’s department of kinesiology and applied physiology, said: “For women who were having babies for the first time and had complications, referred to as adverse pregnancy outcomes, we found that higher stress levels over time were associated with higher blood pressure levels 2-to-7 years after delivery.

“This suggests that women who had pregnancy complications may be more susceptible to the negative effects of stress on their heart health, and taking steps to manage and reduce stress could be important for protecting long-term heart health.”

The researchers analysed records of 3,322 first-time mothers aged 15 to 44 who did not have high blood pressure before pregnancy.

The women were enrolled at 17 medical centres in eight US states, were pregnant with one baby and were having their first child. According to the authors, 66 per cent of participants self-identified as white, 14 per cent as Hispanic and 11 per cent as Black.

Blood pressure and stress levels were measured during the first and third trimesters, and again two to seven years after delivery.

Stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale, a standard questionnaire that asks how often people feel situations are uncontrollable, unpredictable or overwhelming.

Those who experienced moderate to high stress levels were often younger, between 25 and 27 years of age, had higher body mass index, a measure based on height and weight, and lower educational attainment.

The authors said it is not yet clear exactly how higher stress leads to higher blood pressure in women who had pregnancy complications, and that several factors are likely to be involved.

Nuckols added: “Future studies should examine why women with a history of adverse pregnancy outcomes may be more susceptible to stress-driven increases in blood pressure and test whether stress reduction interventions can actually lower cardiovascular risk for these women.”

High blood pressure during pregnancy can have lasting effects on maternal health, including preeclampsia, eclampsia, stroke or kidney problems, according to the American Heart Association’s 2025 guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation and management of high blood pressure in adults.

Monitoring blood pressure before, during and after pregnancy is crucial to help prevent and reduce the risk of long-term complications.

Laxmi Mehta is chair of the American Heart Association’s Council on Clinical Cardiology and director of preventive cardiology and women’s cardiovascular health at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, and was not involved in the study.

Mehta said;’ “This study highlights the powerful connection between the mind and heart, emphasising the importance of stress management, particularly for those who have experienced adverse pregnancy outcomes.

“For the clinical care team, it reinforces the need to proactively assess and address stress as part of the comprehensive care we provide to our patients.

“Future research on whether targeted interventions to reduce or manage stress has a meaningful impact on long-term cardiovascular outcomes will be important as well.”

A baby boy is the first in the UK to be born after a womb transplant from a deceased donor, a development doctors say could offer hope to women born without a womb.

Grace Bell, in her 30s and from Kent, was born with MRKH syndrome, a condition in which a woman is born without a viable womb. She does not have periods but has normal ovaries.

At 16, she was told she would not be able to carry her own child.

As reported by the BBC, Bell’s womb transplant took 10 hours and was carried out at The Churchill Hospital in Oxford in June 2024.

Several months later, the couple underwent IVF treatment, followed by embryo transfer, at The Lister Fertility Clinic in London.

Her son, Hugo, was born just before Christmas 2025 at Queen Charlotte’s and Chelsea Hospital in west London, weighing nearly 7lbs. He is now 10 weeks old.

Bell said: “It was simply a miracle. I remember waking up in the morning and seeing his little face, with his little dummy in, and it felt like I needed to wake up from a dream.

“It was just incredible.”

Bell and her partner Steve Powell paid tribute to the donor and her family.

Bell said: “I think of my donor and her family every day and pray they find some peace in knowing their daughter gave me the biggest gift: the gift of life. A part of her will live on forever.”

The successful transplant is one of 10 deceased donor womb transplants taking place as part of a UK clinical research trial.

Three have already been carried out, but Hugo is the first baby born.

In early 2025, a baby called Amy was born through the first living womb donation in the UK, at the same London hospital.

Her mother received her older sister’s womb in a transplant operation in January 2023. Five further womb transplants from close living relatives are planned.

Consultant gynaecologist Prof Richard Smith, from Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, who began researching womb transplantation more than 25 years ago and was present at Hugo’s birth, said “a huge team of people” had been involved, from the transplant operation to embryo transfer and delivery.

Bell and Powell gave their son the middle name Richard in tribute to Smith, who also founded the charity Womb Transplant UK.

The couple may decide to have a second baby, after which surgeons plan to remove the transplanted womb.

This is to spare Bell from taking a lifetime of strong drugs to prevent the immune system attacking the transplanted organ.

Transplant surgeon and joint team leader Isabel Quiroga said she was “delighted” by Hugo’s birth and described it as a breakthrough for organ transplantation in the UK.

“Very few babies have been born in Europe as a result of their mothers receiving a womb from a deceased donor,” she said.

“Our trial is seeking to discover whether this procedure could become an approved and regular treatment for some of the increasing number of women of child-bearing age who do not have a viable womb.

Smith said the birth showed that girls and young women told they did not have a womb could now have hope of carrying their own child.

A baby born following a womb transplant from a deceased donor has no genetic link to the donor.

More than 100 womb transplant operations have been performed worldwide and more than 70 healthy babies have been born as a result.

Donating a womb for transplant differs from donating other organs, such as kidneys or a heart, as it requires a specific request to families who have already agreed to organ donation.

The donor’s parents, who wish to remain anonymous, said they felt “tremendous pride” in the legacy left by their daughter. She also donated five other organs, which were transplanted into four people.

“Through organ donation, she has given other families the precious gift of time, hope, healing and now life,” her family said.

Abortion restrictions in US states were linked to higher maternal deaths during pregnancy and within 42 days after birth, a new study suggests.

The research examined links between different abortion restrictions introduced across US states between 2005 and 2023 and deaths during pregnancy or in the first 42 days after giving birth.

Unlike much earlier work, it used a broad definition of maternal deaths, including deaths from any cause such as homicide, suicide and drug overdose, as well as medical causes.

A total of 22,482 maternal deaths were identified over the study period. The annual incidence rose from 21.3 per 100,000 live births in 2005 to 33.6 per 100,000 live births in 2023.

Violence was the leading cause at 10.6 per cent, followed by unintentional drug overdose at 10.2 per cent and cardiovascular disease at 9.6 per cent.

Presented at the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine annual meeting by Marie Anderson of Columbia University Irving Medical Center in New York City, the study found states with five or more types of abortion restriction had an average of 16.1 additional maternal deaths each year compared with less restrictive states.

Anderson said: “When states adopt multiple abortion restrictions, we see measurable increases in deaths among pregnant and postpartum people.

“The associations we observed were broad, affecting deaths from any cause, cardiovascular disease, and violence, and underscore that reproductive health policy is inseparable from maternal health.

“Traditional definitions of maternal deaths exclude homicide, suicide, and unintentional drug overdoses, but these often overlooked causes of death are an important part of the abortion conversation as there are data which show that being denied a wanted abortion is associated with worse mental health outcomes, intimate partner violence, and lasting economic hardship.”

At the start of the study period in 2005, only five states were classed as more restrictive. By 2023, that number had reached 27.

The US Supreme Court’s Dobbs decision in 2022, which overturned the federal right to abortion, prompted a wave of new restrictions.

Of 10 types of restriction examined, six were linked to higher rates of maternal death.

These included bans on public funding for abortion, bans on coverage through health insurance marketplace plans, laws requiring biased counselling, second trimester bans, mandatory waiting periods and compulsory ultrasound requirements.

Public funding bans, insurance coverage bans, waiting periods and physician-only requirements were also associated with higher rates of violent death.

David Hackney, of Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, who was not involved in the research, said including those factors was the right approach.

Hackney said: “There’s so many different ways that abortion bans could increase the mortality rates and I think it was absolutely correct to include homicide, suicide, and drug use because those, unfortunately, are risks of being pregnant when you don’t want to be pregnant,”