Domestic violence survivors face long-term brain injury and mental health risks, study suggests

Survivors of domestic violence face a higher risk of brain injury and long-term mental health conditions that can persist for decades after the abuse has ended, new research has found.

A new study suggests that among those who suffer physical abuse, repeated head trauma is common—raising the risk of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) and lasting psychological effects.

The research, led by the University of Glasgow, analysed data from 632 people aged 40 to 59.

Fourteen per cent reported a history of physical abuse from a partner.

Among those who experienced intimate partner violence with physical abuse (IPV-PA), the study found higher rates of TBI—injuries caused by external blows to the head.

These participants also had increased lifetime and ongoing diagnoses of depression, anxiety, sleep disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Strikingly, the risk of these mental health conditions remained elevated even an average of 27 years after the physical abuse had occurred.

Most participants who reported IPV-PA also described experiencing repeated blows to the head and a history of mild TBI.

These brain injuries were closely linked to persistent mental health challenges.

Researcher Professor Willie Stewart said: “Given its prevalence, these findings highlight domestic violence as a public health issue with lasting consequences for brain health.

“Our work also underscores the urgent need for more research in this previously neglected area.”

Co-author Dr Graciela Muniz-Terrera added: “This study shows why it’s vital to include questions about domestic violence in population research. We need a better understanding of its long-term effects.”

The researchers concluded: “Among those reporting exposure to IPV-PA, the majority reported a history of repetitive blows to the head and mild TBI. A history of TBI, in turn, was associated with adverse mental health outcomes.”

“These findings offer early insights into the potential lifelong impact of intimate partner violence involving physical abuse on brain health.”

The study was funded by the Drake Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the Medical Research Council, NHS Research Scotland, the Alzheimer’s Society, and the Alzheimer’s Association.