Insight
UK LGBTQ+ population faces barriers to fertility treatment, research finds

LGBTQ+ people across the UK face discrimination, funding inequalities and gaps in fertility care, research has found.
Eligibility for NHS-funded treatment varies across the country, while many services are still structured around heterosexual couples.
People with diverse sexual orientations and gender identities can be left navigating complex systems, paying more for treatment and explaining their needs to healthcare professionals.
Co-author Dr Chloe He, of the UCL Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, said: “Legal access is not the same as equitable access. LGBTQ+ patients are forced to navigate a Kafkaesque fertility care system alone – researching, self-advocating, and often educating the doctors and nurses treating them.
“In our study, we saw clinicians with no formal LGBTQ+ training, gay men pressured into being relentlessly cheerful to prove parent-worthiness to surrogacy services, and patients travelling hundreds of miles for care after experiencing transphobia at local clinics.”
The University of Stirling-led research involved 54 participants and 36 in-depth interviews with people who had used fertility services and professionals working in or alongside fertility care across the UK.
Researchers from Stirling, SKEMA Business School and University College London examined the extra work undertaken by LGBTIQA+ people seeking to have children.
They called this “reproductive labour”, which includes researching treatment, advocating for themselves, covering additional costs and educating clinicians.
The researchers said this work was used to manage “reproductive bioprecarity”, a term describing the uncertainty and vulnerability people can face while seeking reproductive healthcare.
The study, funded by a Santander Universities Research Grant, primarily reflected the experiences of cisgender lesbian participants.
One participant, Amanda, said she and her partner, Amy, spent a long time trying to find a GP willing to discuss fertility with them.
The couple eventually underwent fertility tests through the NHS, but their private clinic rejected the results because they had not been referred by a GP.
They had to repeat the tests and pay for them privately.
The researchers said lesbian couples are often required to self-fund multiple rounds of intrauterine insemination before becoming eligible for NHS support.
Intrauterine insemination, or IUI, involves placing sperm directly into the womb.
Gay men usually have to pursue surrogacy, which is not funded or supported by the NHS, while transgender people can face long waits to save eggs and sperm to allow them to have children.
Lead author Dr Carolyn Wilson-Nash, senior lecturer at the University of Stirling Business School, began investigating the issue after she and her wife made multiple attempts to conceive and faced challenges throughout the process.
The couple funded almost the entire process themselves and consulted a GP who had no experience of supporting same-sex couples seeking fertility care.
The researchers called for clearer treatment pathways, more inclusive services and better training for healthcare staff.
Dr Wilson-Nash, who is now the mother of a three-year-old boy, said: “The way the current system for fertility services is set up in the UK can lead to unequal pathways for the LGBTIQA+ population.
“For example, heterosexual couples can access NHS-funded in vitro fertilisation (IVF), whereas lesbian couples are often required to self-fund multiple rounds of intrauterine insemination (IUI) before becoming eligible for NHS support.
“Gay men usually have to pursue surrogacy, which is not funded by or supported by the NHS.
“And transgender individuals often face long waiting times to save eggs and sperm to allow them to have children. So legal access does not necessarily translate into equitable or inclusive care.
“Building a family should be neither exclusive nor this difficult. Fertility services should be available to all, regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity.”
Laura-Rose Thorogood, founder of LGBT Mummies and part of the UK’s Fertility Justice Campaign, said: “Right now, intended LGBTQIA+ parents are being discriminated against because of who they are, and who they love.
“This is ultimately forcing them down alternative pathways which in turn put them at long-term risk physically, psychologically and socially.
“By providing access to treatment, our community can thrive and create the families they dream of by their chosen route.”
Insight
Trust apologises for ‘human error’ after maternity data loss

Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust has apologised after a human error caused 11 years of maternity data to be overwritten.
The incident happened during routine technical work on 18 August, when computer instructions intended to create a copy of a radiotherapy database were mistakenly applied to the maternity database.
Most of the affected information has since been recovered, including notes, observations, test results and other information recorded as part of patient care.
However, the trust has been unable to fully restore the historical record showing who viewed maternity records between September 2011 and November 2022.
Current data was not affected and the incident has had no impact on current maternity services or care provided to women and babies, according to the trust.
It also said no information was accessed or used inappropriately as a result of the incident.
Andy Callow, chief digital and information officer at Nottingham University Hospitals, said: “I am sorry for the concern and distress this incident may cause to women and families affected.
“On 18 August 2026, a human error during a routine technical process resulted in a maternity records database being unintentionally overwritten.
“We took immediate action to investigate the incident and recover the affected information.
“The information needed to support patient care has been restored and there has been no impact on current maternity services or the care provided to women and babies today.
“However, to date, we have been unable to fully restore the historical record showing who viewed maternity records between September 2011 and November 2022.
“We have informed the Information Commissioner’s Office, completed a full investigation and strengthened our processes and controls to help prevent a similar incident from happening again.”
The error occurred when pre-written computer instructions previously used for another hospital system were used during the technical work.
A setting that should have been changed was not altered, resulting in work being carried out on the maternity database instead of the radiotherapy database.
The issue was escalated within minutes of being identified and experts were brought in to recover as much information as possible.
The trust has referred the incident to the Information Commissioner’s Office and notified Nottinghamshire Police, which is conducting a separate criminal investigation into maternity care at the trust.
The force is assessing whether the loss of information about who accessed maternity records could affect that investigation.
The incident follows a maternity review led by midwife Donna Ockenden, which concluded in June after examining the cases of 2,500 families over a 20-year period.
The review found more than 500 mothers and babies suffered potentially avoidable harm, with 162 dying following substandard care. Some babies who survived were left seriously disabled.
Nottinghamshire Police announced its separate criminal investigation, Operation Perth, in September 2023.
Insight
Charity launches Women’s Health Plan to tackle inequalities in long-term conditions

Chest Heart & Stroke Scotland has launched a three-year Women’s Health Plan setting out actions to improve prevention, diagnosis, treatment and support for women in Scotland.
The 2026 to 2029 plan includes commitments on health information, prevention and early detection, professional training, peer support, post-diagnosis care, policy and research.
It comes amid disparities affecting women with chest, heart and stroke conditions, including differences in diagnosis, testing and treatment.
Figures cited by the charity show women in Scotland are 50 per cent more likely than men to receive an initial misdiagnosis after a heart attack.
Jane-Claire Judson, chief executive of Chest Heart & Stroke Scotland, said: “Women have been telling us for years that their symptoms aren’t being taken seriously, and the evidence backs them up.
“When we talk about women’s health, we need to look beyond reproductive and maternal health alone.
“Women experience inequalities across a wide range of conditions, including chest, heart, stroke and Long Covid conditions, and they deserve equitable access to the information, support and care they need.
“Our CHSS Women’s Health Plan is about listening to those experiences and turning them into meaningful action.”
Across the UK, women are twice as likely to be misdiagnosed with heart failure, with many waiting an average of 20 weeks for a diagnosis, compared with 3.6 weeks for men.
There are more than 4,600 incidences of stroke in women in Scotland each year, with more than 1,200 dying as a result.
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are also more common among women, while women are nearly twice as likely as men to die from asthma.
Women are less likely to be offered diagnostic testing within 72 hours of a heart attack and less likely to be prescribed medication that reduces the risk of a second heart attack, according to the charity.
CHSS also said conditions that predominantly affect women, including Long Covid and heart conditions such as coronary microvascular dysfunction, remain under-researched and under-diagnosed.
Four in five women say they are not listened to by healthcare professionals, while UK female life expectancy has fallen from 20th to 26th place among 38 OECD countries in recent years.
The Women’s Health Plan includes developing women-specific health information and launching a prevention and early detection programme through CHSS’s Health Defence and Community Healthcare Support Service.
Other commitments include raising the visibility of women’s health, strengthening training for healthcare professionals, CHSS colleagues and volunteers, expanding peer support and post-diagnosis care, and campaigning for changes to policy, funding and women’s inclusion in research.
The charity also plans to drive continuous improvement in its women’s health work, shaped by lived experience.
CHSS said it will seek to address inequalities through prevention programmes, professional education, policy influence and improved support for women across Scotland.
The plan builds on CHSS’s women’s health work launched in 2021 and its wider No Life Half Lived strategy. It also aligns with phases one and two of the Scottish Government’s Women’s Health Plan.
More than 140 responses to a national survey helped shape the plan, alongside consultation with health and social care professionals and people with lived experience through CHSS’s Voices of Experience Panel.
Judson said: “By improving awareness, supporting earlier detection and diagnosis, and ensuring women are heard when they seek help, we can begin to address inequalities that have persisted for far too long.
“Our first plan, launched in 2021, established important foundations.
“This next phase builds on that progress and reflects our commitment to a Scotland, where nobody is left behind because of their sex or gender.
“At Chest Heart & Stroke Scotland, our No Life Half Lived mission means working towards a future where everyone can live well with their condition. By bringing together women with lived experience, health professionals, policymakers and partners, we can create lasting change and help build a fairer, healthier Scotland for women.”
News
EU healthcare’s gender pay gap hits 19%, WHO report finds

Women in Europe’s health and care sector face a 19 per cent hourly gender pay gap, according to a new World Health Organization (WHO) report.
Women account for 77 per cent of the sector’s workforce, compared with 45 per cent across all other sectors combined, but make up only 55 per cent of its top earners.
The hourly gender pay gap widens at higher wage levels, from 2 per cent among the lowest earners to more than 22 per cent at the top.
The WHO report found that health and care accounts for almost 17 per cent of all women’s employment in its European Region, compared with 5 per cent of men’s employment.
The sector is the fourth-largest employer overall and the single largest employer of women in the region.
Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, director of the Division for Health Systems at WHO Europe, said: “Women make up the majority of the people who keep Europe’s health systems running, yet they’re paid less than their male counterparts, a gap that compounds over a lifelong career.”
The findings follow a pattern seen across the wider labour market, with structural inequality increasing at higher wage and seniority levels.
Globally, women working in health earn an average of 24 per cent less than men, according to the report, a wider gap than in many other industries.
Some of the difference in pay could be explained by work-related factors, including age, education, public or private sector employment and whether people worked full-time or part-time.
After adjusting for those four factors, the hourly pay gap fell from 19 per cent to 6 per cent, while the monthly gap declined from 28 per cent to 10 per cent.
The remaining difference could not be explained by factors measured in the data.
“Most of this gap isn’t down to women working fewer hours, being younger or working in different parts of the sector,” Azzopardi Muscat said.
“It comes down to how the sector values women’s work. Age, education, working hours and public versus private sector employment only helps explain some of it.”
WHO said the findings point to factors including the undervaluation of care work, occupational segregation and potential discrimination in pay-setting practices.
Occupational categories with a higher proportion of women paid less across managerial, professional and technical roles.
Management jobs in health and care employ more women than management roles in other sectors and pay an average of €22 per hour, compared with €24.70 in comparable roles elsewhere.
WHO described the gender pay gap as one of the most persistent forms of labour market inequality. Given the number of women working in health and care, it said the gap could have important economic and social consequences.
The report said the inequality may lead to lower lifetime earnings and pension entitlements, increase women’s risk of poverty, reduce returns to education and undermine sustainable economic growth.
“It means lower pensions, less financial security in older age, and a higher risk of poverty for women who’ve spent their working lives caring for others,” said Azzopardi Muscat.
“This isn’t a coincidence, and it isn’t about qualifications. Women are being paid less for the same work and passed over for the roles that pay more.”
WHO said closing gender pay gaps was both an equity imperative and an investment in a stronger and more sustainable health workforce.
It suggested measures including greater salary transparency, increased female representation in decision-making roles and action to address gender norms and stereotypes.
Menopause1 week agoMenopause may not explain rising heart condition in women – study
Pregnancy2 weeks agoParacetamol use may impact future fertility, studies suggest
Insight1 week agoWomen with birth trauma face 2.5x higher healthcare costs – study
pain conditions1 week agoMedical cannabis may improve endometriosis symptoms – study
Cancer1 week agoStudy could explain why obesity is a breast cancer risk factor
Menopause2 weeks agoMenopause hormone therapy may improve cardiovascular health outcomes, study suggests
AI1 week agoEvvy secures US$40m for AI-powered vaginal microbiome testing
Q&A1 week agoInnovating breast cancer screening with tears












