Menopause
Women’s earnings fall 10% four years after menopause diagnosis, study finds

Women experience a significant fall in earnings in the years following a menopause diagnosis, with more women stopping work and others working fewer hours, according to a new study.
Economists calculated that women experience a 4.3 per cent reduction in their earnings, on average, in the four years following a menopause diagnosis, with losses deepening to 10 per cent by the fourth year.
This 10 per cent reduction in earnings is approximately half of the estimated 23 per cent loss of earnings experienced by new mothers, also known as the ‘child penalty’.
Lead author Professor Gabriella Conti (UCL Economics) said: “All women go through the menopause, but each woman’s experience is unique. We looked at women with a medical menopause diagnosis so these women may have experienced more severe symptoms than the general population.
Our study shows how the negative impacts of the menopause penalty vary greatly between women.”
The researchers analysed data from Sweden and Norway, including medical records that identified the date of the first menopause diagnosis.
The researchers compared women who had received a diagnosis to women who had received a diagnosis later to disentangle the impact of menopause from the general impact of ageing.
The main sample looked at women born between 1961-1968 who had a menopause-related diagnosis between the ages of 45-55.
The fall in earnings experienced by women during menopause was primarily driven by a decrease in the likelihood of working and a reduction in contracted hours worked, the researchers found.
In the four years following a menopause diagnosis, the likelihood of claiming Disability Insurance benefits increases by 4.8 per cent, suggesting that menopause symptoms significantly impact women’s work patterns, the team said.
The researchers are calling for better information about the menopause to be available and for women going through the menopause to have better access to menopause-related care.
The fall in earnings and hours worked is concentrated among women without a university degree, with graduate women suffering no earnings penalty, the researchers found.
Professor Conti said: “Graduate women tend on average to be better informed of menopause symptoms and more aware of their treatment options.
“This may mean they are better equipped to adapt and continue working throughout their menopause.
“Our findings suggest that better information and improved access to menopause-related care are crucial to eliminating the menopause penalty and ensuring that workplaces can better support women during this transition.”
The study found some workplaces to be more ‘menopause friendly’ than others, with women employed in smaller and private sector firms facing a greater drop in earnings than those with larger and public-sector employers.
Researchers also considered the impact of menopause diagnosis on demand for medical care.
Unlike the long, sustained impact on earnings, a menopause diagnosis caused a sharp but short-lived increase in GP and specialist visits, followed by a prolonged increase in medication use.
The data showed a rise in the use of HRT to treat the physical symptoms of menopause, but it also highlighted a 5.1 per cent rise in the use of antidepressants following a menopause diagnosis.
The study also assessed how greater awareness affects menopause-related care by leveraging the broadcast of a landmark menopause TV show called Klimakteriet: Det ska handa dig med (‘Menopause: It will happen to you too’) on Swedish television.
Researchers found the broadcast led to a surge in diagnoses and HRT prescriptions, likely driven by both increased patient demand and physician responsiveness.
The findings suggest that public awareness can lead to lasting improvements in diagnosis and treatment, particularly benefiting women with lower education levels.
Co-author Professor Rita Ginja of the University of Bergen said: “We were surprised to find so few studies looking at the economic effects of menopause, something that more than half of the world’s adults will experience.
“We hope that our work can help shed more light on how menopause affects the careers and economic well-being of women.”
Professor Conti said: “As societies age and economies depend on longer working lives, policymakers must understand the forces pushing women out of the labour force.
“Our findings suggest that menopause is one of them.”
Menopause
Enter the menopause innovation award before it’s too late

If you are working in menopause care and have not yet entered the Femtech World Awards, you have until this Friday, 17 April, to put your work forward.
The award celebrates those leading the way in reshaping how menopause is understood and supported across healthcare and society.
The winner will have demonstrated exceptional innovation in addressing the health, wellbeing and quality of life needs of people going through this transition.
Judges will assess impact, inclusivity, accessibility and the ability to challenge stigma while delivering meaningful, real-world solutions.
The scope is intentionally broad.
Whether you have developed a digital platform, a diagnostic tool, a pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical treatment, a workplace support programme or something that does not sit neatly within a single category, if your work is improving the menopause experience, this award is for you.
Who is behind the award
The category is sponsored by Cross-Border Impact Ventures (CBIV), an impact venture capital firm investing in early growth stage health technology companies across medical devices, diagnostics, therapeutics and digital health.
Every company CBIV supports must show relevance to women’s, children’s and adolescents’ health, with the ambition to scale into emerging markets.
Annie Thériault, managing partner at Cross-Border Impact Ventures, said: “Being part of the FemTech World Awards gives us a front-row seat to the most exciting breakthroughs in women’s health.
“It’s a powerful way to stay connected to the pulse of innovation and the future of care.”
What you stand to gain
Entry is free.
Every shortlisted organisation receives extensive coverage across all Femtech World platforms, placing your innovation in front of a global audience of investors, clinicians, industry leaders and potential partners.
The winner also receives a trophy and a dedicated interview.
The deadline is this Friday
Nominations and entries close on 17 April.
After that, the Femtech World team will shortlist the strongest submissions, with the final decision made by a representative from CBIV.
Find out more about the awards and enter for free here.
Menopause
Premature menopause raises long-term heart risk by 40%, study finds

Women who enter natural menopause before age 40 face about a 40 per cent higher lifetime risk of developing coronary heart disease than women who experience menopause later, according to a large study that is the first to calculate lifetime heart risk associated with premature menopause.
The findings suggest that doctors should routinely ask women about age at menopause, using the menopausal transition as an opportunity to identify higher-risk women and intervene earlier.
Dr Priya Freaney is assistant professor of medicine in the division of cardiology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
She said: “When menopause happens before age 40, women still have more than half of their life expectancy ahead of them.
“Understanding their cumulative lifetime risk of blockage-related heart disease is critical.”
Coronary heart disease is a condition where the heart’s arteries become blocked or narrowed by a buildup of fatty deposits called plaque.
By restricting blood flow to the heart, these plaques can lead to sudden events (heart attacks) or gradual damage (weakened heart muscle).
The study of more than 10,000 U.S. women followed for decades also found that premature menopause was three times more common among Black women than white women (15.5 per cent vs. 4.8 per cent).
According to Freaney, the disparity likely reflects a complex mix of life-course exposures, health conditions and structural inequities rather than solely inherent biological differences.
Freaney and colleagues analysed data from 10,036 postmenopausal Black and white women who participated in six long-running U.S. studies, including the Framingham Heart Study, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and the Women’s Health Initiative.
The women were followed between 1964 and 2018.
During that time, the Northwestern scientists found more than 1,000 cases of coronary heart disease events in the data, including fatal and non-fatal heart attacks.
Even after accounting for cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, obesity, hypertension and diabetes, premature menopause was associated with 41 per cent higher risk of coronary heart disease for Black women and 39 per cent increased risk for white women.
The scientists note in the study that the causes of premature menopause are not fully understood and are likely multifactorial.
Potential contributors include genetic, biological and environmental factors, as well as earlier age of the first menstrual period, health behaviors (such as smoking), obesity and the cumulative effects of chronic stress.
It is also unclear whether the menopausal transition itself creates a vascular environment that promotes disease, or whether women who experience premature menopause already have an underlying risk profile that predisposes them to both premature menopause and cardiovascular disease.
Even at the average age, menopause’s hormonal changes can affect cardiovascular health.
During menopause, declining estrogen levels trigger changes that increase coronary heart disease risk.
“As the natural estrogen declines, no matter what age it happens in, cholesterol and blood pressure go up, body fat distribution shifts to the abdomen, muscle mass gets lower, blood sugars can become dysregulated and arteries stiffen,” said Freaney, who also is director of the Women’s Heart Care Program at Northwestern Medicine Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute.
“Together, these changes over a short period increase the risk of heart disease.”
Freaney said women who experience premature menopause should think of it as an early signal to take their heart health seriously.
“Tell yourself: I have to be far more proactive than my neighbor about my own heart health,” Freaney said.
“The vast majority of heart disease is preventable, but people need to know that they’re at risk early in life because effective prevention takes decades.
“Tell your doctor, ‘I experienced premature menopause. What can we do to protect my heart?’” she suggests.
The findings also highlight a gap in how menopause is discussed in medical care, according to Freaney.
“All clinicians need to get comfortable asking about menopause because we have estrogen receptors from our head to our toes.”
For years, menopause has largely been treated as a gynecologic issue, she said. But the hormonal transition affects nearly every system in the body, including the cardiovascular system.
That means cardiovascular clinicians should routinely ask about menopause history when assessing long-term cardiovascular risk.
“Historically, women have been vastly understudied in cardiovascular science, and we still have much to learn about how menopause influences heart health,” Freaney said.
Menopause
Cardiff opens its first women’s health hub as nationwide rollout begins

Cardiff’s first women’s health hub has opened, offering specialist perimenopause and menopause support for women aged 40 to 65.
Minister for mental health and wellbeing Sarah Murphy visited the East Cardiff Menopause Hub this week to learn about the new service, which brings together patient-centred advice, treatment and community support under one roof.
The hub forms part of a Wales-wide network of pathfinder women’s health hubs established during the first phase of delivering the Women’s Health Plan.
Women registered with one of the East Cardiff GP Cluster practices will be able to access extended 20-minute consultations, available face-to-face, by telephone or online, with GPs who have specialist experience in menopause care.
Practice nurses will also provide broader healthcare support, including blood pressure checks, lifestyle advice and guidance on hormone replacement therapy.
A Menopause Café, open to women of all ages, will offer a welcoming community space to share experiences and ask questions.
Sarah Murphy said: “It was fantastic to visit the Maelfa hub and see first-hand how Cardiff and Vale University Health Board is bringing high-quality, compassionate care closer to home for women in East Cardiff.
“Women’s health hubs will make it easier for women in Wales to get care when they need it.
“As the pathfinder hubs are rolled out, we’ll be listening to women’s feedback and adapting to make sure we are building a health service which meets the needs of women and girls, now and for generations to come.”
By March, every health board in Wales will have a pathfinder women’s health hub. Each health board has received an additional £300,000 this financial year to support their development.
The hubs form part of the Women’s Health Plan, which includes more than 60 actions to close the gender health gap and is based on feedback from around 4,000 women across Wales.
Dr Claire Beynon, executive director of public health at Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, said: “Too many women feel unsupported or unheard when seeking help for the symptoms of menopause.
“The East Cardiff Menopause Hub is a really positive step in bringing high-quality, compassionate care closer to home, with longer appointments and specialist expertise focused on women’s health needs.
“By combining clinical care with community support, this service helps women feel informed, confident and in control of their health. It also reflects our wider commitment to reducing health inequalities.”
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