Fertility
Toxins and climate harms having ‘alarming’ effect on fertility, research warns

Simultaneous exposure to toxic chemicals and climate-related heat may be worsening fertility harms across humans and wildlife, research suggests.
The review of scientific literature looks at how endocrine-disrupting chemicals, often found in plastic, together with climate-related effects such as heat stress, are each linked to lower fertility and fecundity, meaning the ability to reproduce, across species including humans, wildlife and invertebrates.
Though the reproductive harms of each issue in isolation are well studied, there is little research on what happens when living organisms are exposed to both.
“Together, the two issues are likely to pose a greater threat to fertility, and the additive effect is “alarming”, said Susanne Brander, a study lead author and courtesy faculty at Oregon State University.
“You’re not just getting exposed to one, but two, stressors at the same time that both may affect your fertility, and in turn the overall impact is going to be a bit worse,” Brander said.
The paper looked at 177 studies.
Shanna Swan, a co-author on the new paper, co-produced a 2017 study that found sperm levels among men in western countries had fallen by more than 50 per cent over four decades. Other research has suggested human fertility has been declining at a similar rate.
The University of Washington’s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation has previously said the world was approaching a “low-fertility future”, with more than three quarters of countries below replacement rate by 2050.
The new paper’s authors focused on the effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and substances, including microplastics, bisphenol, phthalates and PFAS.
These are thought to cause a range of serious reproductive problems, disrupt hormones and be a potential driver of falling fertility.
Brander said the harms linked to these chemicals are often similar across organisms, from invertebrates to humans.
Phthalates, for example, have been linked to altered sperm shape in invertebrates, spermatogenesis in rodents, meaning sperm production, and reduced sperm counts in humans.
PFAS are also thought to affect sperm quality, and both have been linked to hormone disruption.
The chemicals are widespread in consumer goods, so people are often regularly exposed.
Meanwhile, previous research has shown how rising temperatures, lower oxygen levels and heat stress, among other effects linked to climate change, may also worsen infertility.
Heat stress has been found to affect human hormones, and is linked to spermatogenesis in rodents and bulls.
Research shows temperature also plays a role in sex determination in fish, reptiles and amphibians.
The species has evolved to choose which sex it produces in part based on temperature, and the heating planet can “push it too far in one direction or the other, which overrides that evolutionary benefit”, Brander said.
Similarly, many endocrine disruptors may alter environmental sex determination.
The study set out some of the overlapping effects of chemical exposure and climate change across taxonomic groups, from invertebrates to humans.
In birds, for example, exposure to increased temperature, PFAS, organochlorines and pyrethroids may each individually cause abnormal sperm, increased fledgling mortality, abnormal testes and population decline.
“What happens if they’re exposed to more than one of those stressors at the same time? There has been little exploration of that question.
“Even if there have not been a lot of studies looking at these simultaneously, if you have two different factors that both cause the same adverse effect, then there’s a likelihood that they are going to be additive,” Brander said.
Katie Pelch, a senior scientist with the Natural Resources Defense Council nonprofit, who was not part of the study, said the authors had reviewed high-quality science.
She said she wanted to see more examples of the overlap in impacts, but agreed with the overall premise.
“It is likely [multiple stressors] would have an additive effect, at very least, even if they have different mechanisms of harm,” Pelch added.
The solution to the systemic problems would involve tackling climate change and reducing the use of toxic chemicals.
The study cites the global reduction in the use of DDT and PCBs achieved under the Stockholm Convention as an example of an effective measure, but Brander said much more is needed.
“There is enough evidence in both areas to act to reduce our impact on the planet,” she said.
Fertility
One week left to apply: W Accelerate with Merck KGaA and M Ventures

Applications close 2 September at 12pm BST for W Accelerate with Merck KGaA and M Ventures, a fast-track programme offering startups, scaleups and spinouts in reproductive and maternal health direct access to decision-makers at one of the world’s leading reproductive health companies.
With a single application, innovators connect with Merck KGaA’s partnership team and investment professionals from M Ventures, Merck’s corporate venture arm.
Selected companies will be notified on 11 September and invited to pitch at W Accelerate in London, at One Hundred Shoreditch, on 5 October.
During the event, they will receive a private 30-minute session with Merck and M Ventures leadership, small-group guidance from regulation and investment specialists, an “Ask Merck Anything” roundtable, and access to a VIP networking reception.
Applications are open to companies working on breakthrough solutions across reproductive and maternal health, including fertility, endometriosis, adenomyosis, ovarian health, preeclampsia and pregnancy comorbidities.
Applicants can choose one of three lanes, depending on whether they’re seeking strategic collaboration, investment, or both: Partnership Lane, Investment Lane, or Dual Lane. Direct-to-consumer and over-the-counter products are outside the programme’s scope.
Thang Vo-Ta, CEO & co-founder of Calla Lily Clinical Care and participant of a previous edition of W Accelerate with Merck Healthcare and M Ventures, said: “The opportunity to pitch directly to senior leadership at Merck and M Ventures sparked conversations that became the foundation of relationships leading to our eventual strategic collaboration with Merck. I’ve yet to see another event run with this level of excellence.”
For more information, visit W Group’s website: wplatform.co
Applications close 2nd September 2026, 12pm BST
W Accelerate event: 5th October 2026 at One Hundred Shoreditch, London (travel and accommodation not provided)
Apply here
Fertility
Chelsea FC Women to launch first-of-its-kind player fertility fund

Chelsea FC Women is to launch a fertility fund giving players access to assessments, treatments, counselling and workshops.
The initiative is part of a new partnership with London fertility clinic Fertility Plus, which has been named the club’s official fertility partner.
Chelsea said the fund will be available to every player in its women’s team, with support tailored to individual needs.
Giulia Mazzia, commercial director for Chelsea FC Women, said: “At Chelsea FC Women we are never done pushing for progress for our players and our community.
“This first-of-its-kind partnership with Fertility Plus will open up the conversation about fertility, help to raise awareness for our incredible fanbase and beyond, and give practical support to our players off the field as well as on it.”
Support through Fertility Plus will include fertility assessments and treatments, as well as counselling and workshops.
The partnership will also provide evidence-based information about reproductive health and address misconceptions around fertility.
Chelsea cited previous research on fertility knowledge which found that 41 per cent of respondents actively trying to conceive did not know when their fertile window was.
The club and Fertility Plus plan to provide educational content, resources comparing fertility myths with medical evidence and insights from Chelsea FC Women ambassadors.
Dr Amit Shah and Dr Anil Gudi, co-founders of Fertility Plus, said: “Elite sport asks a lot of women during the very years when fertility matters most, yet it’s a conversation the game has rarely had.
“Partnering with Chelsea FC Women allows us to help change that by giving players, staff and supporters access to trusted fertility expertise and compassionate, consultant-led care.
“We’re proud to work alongside a club that’s setting a new standard for supporting women’s health, both on and off the pitch.
Fertility
Higher doses of common fertility drug may increase pregnancy risks

Higher cumulative doses of common fertility drug clomiphene citrate may increase pregnancy loss risks, according to new research.
Around one in six people experience infertility, with irregular or absent ovulation among the most common causes.
Clomiphene citrate has long been a mainstay of fertility treatment, but Adelaide University research has raised concerns about higher cumulative doses.
The new study found that high doses of clomiphene citrate accumulated over multiple fertility treatment cycles could increase the risk of pregnancy loss.
Lead author associate professor Sheree Boulet said the findings showed a clear dose-response relationship, meaning the risks increased as cumulative exposure rose.
She said: “Women who received higher cumulative doses of clomiphene citrate experienced progressively greater risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
“We examined more than 21,000 embryo transfer cycles across four cumulative dose categories and found that increasing the dose did not significantly improve the chance of a live birth.
“Our findings suggest there may be a point where increasing the dose offers little additional benefit while exposing women to greater risk, highlighting the importance of carefully balancing effectiveness with safety when making treatment decisions.”
Supported by the NHMRC and conducted in partnership with Boston University and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, researchers analysed 21,004 IVF embryo transfer cycles in the US.
Women receiving cumulative doses of 500mg to 749mg of clomiphene citrate had a 12 per cent higher risk of miscarriage, while those receiving 750mg to 999mg had a 38 per cent higher risk.
Women receiving cumulative doses of 750mg or more were also more than twice as likely to have twins or other multiple births.
Rates of spontaneous abortion, another term for miscarriage, increased as the dose rose.
Researchers also recorded more than a threefold increase in stillbirth at the highest dose, although the finding was not statistically significant because that dose was rare. Larger studies are needed to confirm the association.
The finding is consistent with an earlier Adelaide University study that showed a doubling of neonatal death in pregnancies involving clomiphene citrate. Neonatal death means the death of a baby shortly after birth.
Higher cumulative doses did not improve the chance of a live birth, but did increase twinning, which raises the risk of adverse outcomes for both mother and child.
Clomiphene citrate is one of the world’s most widely prescribed fertility drugs. It has been prescribed to millions of women worldwide since 1967 and remains a recommended first-line treatment for ovulation induction.
The drug is recognised as an essential medicine by the World Health Organization. It works by stimulating the ovaries to release eggs, increasing the chance of pregnancy.
Women who do not respond to lower doses, or who require multiple treatment cycles, may receive progressively higher cumulative doses over time.
The findings build on a series of studies from Adelaide University’s Robinson Research Institute linking clomiphene citrate with increased risks of pregnancy loss, stillbirth, perinatal death and some birth defects.
Experimental studies in mice supported these findings, showing that higher doses reduced successful pregnancies and were associated with pregnancy loss, impaired fetal growth and developmental abnormalities.
Professor Michael Davies, senior researcher and co-author of all the studies, said the latest work builds on more than two decades of Adelaide-led research into the safety of fertility treatments.
He said: “Clomiphene citrate has been used by many women since 1967, but it has never been comprehensively evaluated in large prospective clinical trials.
“Our studies indicate that women respond differently to clomiphene citrate and that increasing cumulative doses may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes without improving the likelihood of a live birth.
“The findings confirm and extend our previous studies in both human and mouse models which highlight the need to better understand the dose-response relationship and whether more personalised dosing strategies could improve safety.
“Until we can better understand these differences, it remains important that clinicians rigorously follow manufacturer’s safety recommendations and avoid unnecessarily increasing cumulative doses.
“The same questions are now being asked of newer ovulation-inducing medications, so any move away from clomiphene citrate should also be guided by robust evidence rather than assumptions about safety.”
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