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Parenthood ‘inoculates’ adults against disgust, study finds

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Repeated exposure to bodily waste appears to lower disgust in parents, with effects that persist beyond infancy, a study of 99 parents and 50 non-parents suggests.

The study used parent-specific questions and child-related stimuli, including images of soiled nappies, and tracked reactions such as looking away.

Non-parents strongly avoided images of bodily waste.

Parents showed a different pattern once their children had started eating solid food, with little to no behavioural avoidance of soiled nappies or general bodily effluvia (bodily fluids and waste).

The reduced response generalised beyond child-related stimuli.

By contrast, parents whose youngest children were still exclusively milk-fed showed avoidance levels similar to non-parents, even if they had older children.

This suggests responses may remain heightened during early infancy, when babies are most vulnerable to illness.

Researchers at the University of Bristol say the pattern may reflect an adaptive response: stronger disgust early on could reduce disease risk for young infants, while later desensitisation enables parents to manage illness care more effectively.

Dr Edwin Dalmaijer is a cognitive neuroscientist in Bristol’s School of Psychological Science and a lead author.

He said: “Parents of young children are bombarded with grossness from day one, from dirty nappies to sick and snotty noses.

“Our findings provide strong evidence that long-term desensitisation to disgust does occur.

“After the sensitive early months of infancy, continuous exposure to children’s bodily effluvia appears to ‘inoculate’ parents against disgust, reshaping a deeply ingrained emotional response that is otherwise difficult to change.”

The researchers said the findings could inform training for roles that require managing such responses, including nursing care and other jobs involving regular contact with unpleasant substances.

Dalmaijer said: “Parenthood doesn’t just change daily routines, it can fundamentally alter how humans experience disgust, with lasting effects that extend beyond childcare itself.”

Pregnancy

Pregnant women told to avoid runny eggs amid salmonella outbreak

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Pregnant women are being advised to avoid runny or under-cooked eggs when eating out amid a developing salmonella outbreak.

The advice also applies to freshly made products that may contain uncooked eggs, including mayonnaise, soufflé and hollandaise sauce.

The FSA said well-cooked eggs served in restaurants, cafés and takeaways remain safe to eat.

The warning follows the UK Health Security Agency declaring a national outbreak of salmonella food poisoning after one person died and hundreds more fell ill.

Imported eggs or dishes containing them are thought to be behind the outbreak.

FSA chief scientific adviser Ian Young said: “If people are eating out or consuming eggs or egg-containing products from cafes and restaurants then for those people in particular who are young, elderly, pregnant or vulnerable, it’s important to make sure that any eggs or egg products that you consume in those settings have been very well cooked.”

He described the outbreak as “unusually large and rapidly increasing”, adding that “people need to be careful”.

The FSA said British eggs bought from supermarkets are not linked to the current outbreak because chickens bred in the UK are vaccinated against common strains of salmonella.

“There is no link to those eggs to this current outbreak,” Young said.

Mark Williams, chief executive of the British Egg Industry Council, said British eggs were safe to eat when runny, including for vulnerable people, and were widely available in restaurants and cafés.

“Customers who want to enjoy a runny egg should simply ask whether British Lion eggs are being used,” he said.

More than 200 cases in the UK have been linked to the outbreak, with the majority across England.

Genetic testing suggests the infections are part of the same outbreak and show similarities with previous outbreaks involving imported eggs.

Investigations into individual cases also suggest the eateries involved were buying eggs from abroad.

Salmonella are a family of bacteria that typically live harmlessly in the digestive systems of animals including cattle, pigs and chickens, which is why eggs and poultry are among foods commonly associated with infection.

People can become infected by eating contaminated food that has not been properly cooked, through cross-contamination between raw and cooked food or by coming into contact with infected animals.

Symptoms can include stomach cramps, diarrhoea, vomiting and fever.

Most people recover without further treatment, but older people, babies and people with weakened immune systems are at greatest risk of severe illness.

Hospital treatment with fluids and, in some cases, antibiotics may be needed for severe infections.

People who are concerned are being advised to contact their GP or out-of-hours service in the first instance.

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Fertility

Chelsea FC Women to launch first-of-its-kind player fertility fund

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Chelsea FC Women is to launch a fertility fund giving players access to assessments, treatments, counselling and workshops.

The initiative is part of a new partnership with London fertility clinic Fertility Plus, which has been named the club’s official fertility partner.

Chelsea said the fund will be available to every player in its women’s team, with support tailored to individual needs.

Giulia Mazzia, commercial director for Chelsea FC Women, said: “At Chelsea FC Women we are never done pushing for progress for our players and our community.

“This first-of-its-kind partnership with Fertility Plus will open up the conversation about fertility, help to raise awareness for our incredible fanbase and beyond, and give practical support to our players off the field as well as on it.”

Support through Fertility Plus will include fertility assessments and treatments, as well as counselling and workshops.

The partnership will also provide evidence-based information about reproductive health and address misconceptions around fertility.

Chelsea cited previous research on fertility knowledge which found that 41 per cent of respondents actively trying to conceive did not know when their fertile window was.

The club and Fertility Plus plan to provide educational content, resources comparing fertility myths with medical evidence and insights from Chelsea FC Women ambassadors.

Dr Amit Shah and Dr Anil Gudi, co-founders of Fertility Plus, said: “Elite sport asks a lot of women during the very years when fertility matters most, yet it’s a conversation the game has rarely had.

“Partnering with Chelsea FC Women allows us to help change that by giving players, staff and supporters access to trusted fertility expertise and compassionate, consultant-led care.

“We’re proud to work alongside a club that’s setting a new standard for supporting women’s health, both on and off the pitch.

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Pregnancy

Climbing during pregnancy may be safer than long assumed, study finds

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Climbing during the third trimester was not linked to higher rates of self-reported pregnancy complications in a global study.

The findings provide direct evidence on an activity pregnant women have traditionally been advised to avoid because of concerns about falls.

Researchers surveyed 692 people about climbing during pregnancy, falls, maternal and baby health outcomes and their return to the activity after giving birth.

The study recorded almost 64,000 hours of climbing among participants.

During that time, participants reported 155 “hard falls”, defined as falls or catches forceful enough to be remembered or cause concern.

The rate of adverse clinical events, meaning negative medical outcomes affecting the pregnancy or baby, was 0.03 per 1,000 hours of climbing exposure. All babies in the study were born live.

Researchers found no significant difference in pregnancy or foetal health outcomes between participants who stopped climbing at or before 27 weeks and those who continued beyond that point.

The findings suggest continuing the activity into the third trimester was not associated with increased self-reported complications among those surveyed.

The survey also found 96 per cent of participants said that, despite concerns about climbing while pregnant, they felt “happy” or “very happy” that they had continued.

Margie Davenport, professor in the Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation and lead author of the study, said the preliminary findings challenge an assumption about maternal exercise that had been based on opinion rather than research.

She said: “For decades we have restricted pregnant women from activities like climbing due to concern for their health and the health of the baby, but our evidence suggests it’s beneficial for both mental and physical health.”

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