Pre-eclampsia associated with earlier onset of cardiovascular risk factors

Women who have experienced pre-eclampsia have accelerated accumulation of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors compared with women who had pregnancies without pre-eclampsia according to new research.

Pre-eclampsia typically affects 2 to 5 per cent of pregnant women and is broadly defined as the development of hypertension and high protein levels in the urine of a woman with previously normal blood pressure. In addition to the short-term risk to foetal and maternal health, pre-eclampsia is associated with an approximately doubled risk of CVD and stroke.

“Despite the known long-term risks after pre-eclampsia, guidelines do not include specific recommendations on the necessity, timing and frequency of systematic CV assessment, which is likely due to a lack of empirical data,” said study author Emma Janssen from the Maastricht University Medical Centre, Netherlands.

“As part of the Queen of Hearts study, we aimed to investigate the long-term prevalence of CV risk factors in women who experienced pre-eclampsia compared with normotensive pregnancies with no increased blood pressure to help guide proactive assessment, which in turn, may lead to more timely implementation of preventive strategies.”

 

 

In this retrospective cohort study conducted in Netherlands, data were collected from adult women with a history of pre-eclampsia (within a postpartum interval of 0.5 to 30 years) and from healthy women with a history of uncomplicated normotensive pregnancies.

Cross-sectional postpartum assessment included medical history and physical examination, 30-minute blood pressure measurements, blood and 24-hour urine sampling, vascular function evaluation, electrocardiography and echocardiography.

A total of 1,040 women after pre-eclampsia and 518 women after normotensive pregnancies were included. The researchers found higher rates of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolaemia, either individually or combined, after pre-eclampsia than after normotensive pregnancies.

These risk factors occurred, on average, eight years earlier in the pre-eclampsia group compared with the normotensive group. In addition, the prevalence of hypertension increased more steeply with ageing after pre-eclampsia than after normotensive pregnancies.

In women after pre-eclampsia from the age of 35 years onwards, hypertension reached the CVD risk cut-off that is deemed sufficiently high to warrant systematic CVD risk assessment.

Janssen said: “In women who have experienced pre-eclampsia, CV risk factors occur almost a decade early, predominantly, but not exclusively, due to the premature and accelerated development of hypertension.

“Systematic CV risk assessment is warranted from 35 years of age and should be repeated regularly, at least every 5 years, to enable these women to receive appropriate preventive measures to reduce their high risk of CVD and potential sequelae.”

Dr. Chahinda Ghossein-Doha from the Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands, principal investigator of the Queen of Hearts study, said: “After their pre-eclampsia is managed, these women often fall through the net, without being referred for specialised follow-up.

“We need to be monitoring these young women regularly to detect any increase in risk factors in a period of their life when such an accumulation may be unexpected. For women after pre-eclampsia, taking steps to lead a heart-healthy lifestyle is important, as is discussing formal CV risk assessments with a healthcare professional.”