Pregnancy
Pregnancy blood pressure linked to childhood seizure risk, study finds
High blood pressure during pregnancy may raise the risk of seizures in children, according to new research.
The condition, known as gestational hypertension, affects nearly 16 per cent of pregnancies in the US.
It has previously been linked to complications such as stillbirth and premature birth, largely due to reduced blood flow through the placenta.
Researchers have now provided the first large-scale evidence linking gestational hypertension with an increased risk of seizures in children.
The findings come from a team at University of Iowa Health Care, which analysed data from more than 246 million patient records across the US and carried out additional studies in mice to support the results.
Children born to mothers with high blood pressure during pregnancy were significantly more likely to experience seizures compared with those whose mothers had normal blood pressure levels.
Dr Baojian Xue is senior research scientist in paediatrics at the university and lead author of the National Institutes of Health-funded study.
The researcher said: “The connection between high blood pressure in pregnant moms and seizures in children from these pregnancies had been postulated before, but never examined on a large scale, and never modelled in an animal.
“With these new mouse models and this new connection between gestational hypertension and seizures, we can now perhaps come up with new childhood anti-seizure therapies.”
Tests on mice confirmed that exposure to gestational hypertension in the womb increased both seizure sensitivity and death due to seizures.
Male offspring showed greater vulnerability to the condition than females.
The research team also identified brain inflammation as a significant factor in the disease process, suggesting it may have similar effects in human children.
According to the Cleveland Clinic, gestational hypertension can lead to complications for mothers, including seizures, stroke, temporary kidney failure, and liver and blood clotting problems.
Most people with the condition deliver healthy babies if it is detected early, but more severe cases can carry greater risk.
The condition can progress to preeclampsia – where high blood pressure develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy – or to eclampsia, which involves seizures due to untreated or under-treated preeclampsia.
Dr Vinit Mahajan is professor of ophthalmology at Stanford University and study co-author.
Mahajan said: “This study is unique because you have an association drawn from analyses of large clinical databases, but then we go on to prove the association with animal models.
“We were even able to reduce seizures in mice offspring with anti-inflammatory drugs based on what we learned from the model.”
The findings suggest that targeting brain inflammation could help prevent seizures in children exposed to gestational hypertension, offering new directions for treatment research.
The study was released alongside separate research from Columbia University, which found that low levels of arsenic in drinking water were linked to preterm birth and lower birthweight.
A recent study developed a new “digital companion” to support the prevention and follow-up of maternal cardiovascular risk in women with pregnancy complications.
Cardiovascular disease, or CVD, is the leading cause of premature death and illness in women, yet sex-specific causes remain understudied and women are underrepresented in research.
Pregnancy complications, including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, or HDP, and gestational diabetes mellitus, or GDM, are strong predictors of future CVD, with pregnancy itself acting as a natural stress test.
Despite CVD accounting for 35 per cent of female deaths worldwide in 2019, systematic postpartum prevention remains limited in practice and incidence continues to rise.
Myocardial infarction, commonly known as heart attack, and stroke are the main fatal CVD events in women. Up to one-third of women develop hypertension within a decade after HDP, especially as maternal age rises.
Obstetric guidelines have historically lacked clarity on early CVD prevention after HDP and GDM, often relying on expert consensus rather than evidence.
Some cardiology guidelines now recommend personalised approaches, such as periodic hypertension and diabetes screening. Norwegian guidelines recommend cardiovascular risk evaluation at three months and one year postpartum, but adherence in practice is uncertain.
Effective risk reduction requires intervention before middle age. The immediate postpartum period following HDP or GDM is a critical window for early detection and intervention, offering an opportunity to engage women in cardiovascular health management, particularly as pregnancy can encourage long-term lifestyle awareness.
Electronic health, or eHealth, refers to the use of digital technologies and electronic communication tools to support healthcare services, medical information management and related health activities.
Systematic, eHealth-supported postpartum prevention can improve maternal health literacy and long-term cardiovascular outcomes.
However, there is a significant gap in targeted, eHealth-based postpartum interventions for cardiovascular risk management after HDP and GDM, despite strong patient demand and international calls for coordinated digital health strategies.
Home blood pressure monitoring shows promise, but broader digital support remains limited.
A cardiovascular postpartum follow-up programme was created as a mobile app based on Norwegian and international guidelines.
The MumCare app was developed through co-creation involving users, stakeholders and clinical experts. Five qualitative interviews and 10 user testing sessions informed improvements.
This study primarily analysed the iterative co-creation process used to develop the app, rather than evaluating clinical outcomes.
The MumCare project team in Oslo included an IT expert, obstetricians, a midwife, a GP, two sociologists and two cardiologists, all with relevant experience in eHealth and women’s health. A medical student with technological and medical expertise also helped turn ideas into app features for young women.
User representatives from two national patient associations contributed to information, recruitment, design and testing of the MumCare app.
Both associations provided user perspectives and took part in interviews and app testing. Additional users with HDP or GDM at Oslo University Hospital were also involved throughout the co-creation process.
The app’s digital infrastructure prioritises security and privacy, using encryption, de-identification and two-factor authentication.
User data is stored securely on the app and, for research purposes and with consent, on a dedicated University of Oslo server in line with GDPR and Norwegian regulations.
A linear Stage-Gate model structured the co-creation process, dividing it into phases with quality checkpoints reviewed in project meetings.
This approach balanced internal development with external user feedback, helping ensure the app is evidence-based, technically robust and user-centred.
The MumCare app guides postpartum women through tracking blood pressure, weight, physical activity and lab results, and provides personalised feedback to support self-management, mainly during the first postpartum year.
It also includes educational resources such as videos and guideline-based information to support understanding and engagement.
The app is also designed to support the transition from specialist pregnancy care to long-term follow-up with general practitioners.
It is described as a “digital companion” or health coach and does not replace clinical diagnosis or function as a medical device.
The co-creation process followed four phases focused on technical and procedural development.
In phase 1, input from expert organisations and user representatives established the app’s technical foundation.
It also reminds users of the one-year postpartum follow-up with their GP, a key time to assess risk factors and future care needs.
User organisation representatives gave feedback in phase 1, directly guiding content and feature development.
Phase 2 interviews confirmed that users want to monitor cardiovascular risk factors after HDP and GDM.
The analysis highlighted three themes: self-care strategies and uncertainties about hypertension, the need for accessible health information, and a more personalised approach to blood pressure monitoring in the app.
Concerns were also raised that frequent monitoring or app use could increase stress or create a sense of burden.
In phase 3, the app’s design and features were revised in response to feedback to improve usability and make sure they met users’ needs.
These changes led to a more intuitive and supportive interface for women during and after pregnancy.
Phase 4 involved building a prototype based on the updated designs, followed by further refinements after testing by the project team and users. Initial pilot testing with a small number of users suggested the app met its objectives and functioned as intended.
The MumCare app was co-created with input from experts, user organisations and patients over four phases.
Early expert and organisational contributions helped define the app’s goals, while ongoing feedback from patients helped ensure the design and content reflected users’ real needs.
This collaborative approach resulted in an app tailored to support women with pregnancy complications.
The MumCare app is currently being evaluated in a randomised controlled clinical trial that began in June 2024, with results needed to determine whether it improves long-term cardiovascular outcomes.
The first patients have been dosed in a UK miscarriage trial testing a new intravaginal drug delivery platform for threatened miscarriage.
The FREEDOM study is evaluating 400mg progesterone Callavid in patients diagnosed with luteal phase insufficiency, a condition in which progesterone levels may be too low to support early pregnancy, increasing the risk of infertility and recurrent miscarriage.
Callavid uses a patented leak-free, tampon-like design intended to address the limitations of current vaginal treatments, which rely on self-administered pessaries, or vaginal suppositories, that can leak and may move during use.
The device is being developed by London-based Calla Lily Clinical Care, a medical technology company focused on women’s health. The trial is funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research and run in collaboration with the Trial Management Unit at University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust.
According to the company, Callavid is positioned to become the world’s first drug-device combination product to support treatment of threatened miscarriage, as well as luteal phase support as part of assisted reproductive technologies, including in vitro fertilisation, or IVF.
The Government’s Renewed Women’s Health Strategy for England cites estimates ranging from 120,000 to 250,000 cases of miscarriage a year in the UK. Administering 400mg micronised progesterone twice daily is recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence for women who have suffered a previous miscarriage and experience bleeding during early pregnancy, known clinically as threatened miscarriage.
Current pessary delivery methods can result in uncertain placement and movement during use. These limitations can reduce the efficiency and consistency of drug absorption, potentially compromising delivery of the intended dose, and patients are regularly advised to lie horizontal for extended periods after each administration.
The FREEDOM trial is led by professor Siobhan Quenby MBE, an authority on miscarriage and preterm birth, and an honorary consultant at University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust. The study aims to evaluate safety, user acceptability and progesterone absorption, with the goal of providing evidence of improved usability in self-administration.
Quenby commented: “Through my clinical practice, I see the difficulties patients face with existing vaginal progesterone products at an already very stressful time. Callavid offers a promising new solution to ensure delivery of the correct progesterone dosage and give women greater confidence in their treatment. There is genuine excitement among both clinicians and patients at the prospect of Callavid progressing into clinical trials.”
Dr Lara Zibners, co-founder and chair of Calla Lily Clinical Care, added: “As a physician and entrepreneur, I believe we have a responsibility to create more effective, patient-centred solutions in women’s health. Having been through seven rounds of IVF myself, I have experienced how difficult progesterone treatment can be, and I am proud to be advancing an innovation shaped by both medical insight and lived experience.”
Thang Vo-Ta, co-founder and chief executive of Calla Lily Clinical Care, said: “Dosing the first patients in the FREEDOM study marks a critical milestone for Calla Lily Clinical Care. Callavid represents a differentiated delivery modality for a broad range of therapeutics in the pharma pipeline, and will create new opportunities to extend the lifecycle of existing drugs. This trial is a key step in demonstrating Callavid’s massive potential.”
A rare pregnancy complication has led to emergency surgery, including hysterectomies, after staff failed to detect it in affected women.
Scores of women have come forward to tell their stories of how they were affected by placenta accreta spectrum, or PAS, since the launch in February of a campaign to raise awareness among NHS staff and mothers-to-be of the dangers it poses.
One of them lost so much blood while giving birth that she has had to give up working as an NHS operating theatre nurse and suffers from PTSD.
Another lost six litres of blood and blames her daughter’s cerebral palsy on the stroke the child had while hospital staff were battling to save her life after an emergency caesarean section. Others have suffered permanent damage to their bladder or bowels.
Erin Cooper was never assessed for PAS even though she regularly bled heavily from 26 weeks into her pregnancy until she delivered her baby by emergency C-section at 33 weeks in 2024.
She said: “What I didn’t know, what no one had diagnosed, was that my placenta was abnormally and dangerously attached.
“The haemorrhage was catastrophic. I lost 4.5 litres of blood. I needed a massive blood transfusion, 13 units in total, and to save my life they had to perform a hysterectomy.
“It was like a murder scene. I now have PTSD around blood. I was a theatre nurse. I’ve had to change jobs and can no longer work in a patient-facing role.
“I get panicky when I hear sirens. I can’t drive past the hospital without feeling like I’m about to have a panic attack.
“I feel a deep loss of my womanhood. I’m now going into early menopause. Not a day goes by when I don’t think about being infertile at 33.”
PAS is associated with a history of C-section birth, while assisted fertility using in vitro fertilisation also increases the risk.
It occurs when the placenta, which gives the foetus nutrients and oxygen, grows too deeply into the wall of the woman’s uterus and blocks some or all of the cervix.
This makes the usual separation of the placenta from the uterus during birth difficult.
One hundred women who are concerned about how medical teams dealt with their PAS have contacted Amisha and Nik Adhia, who set up the Action for Accreta campaign.
The couple have collated the women’s experiences into a dossier of stories that vividly illustrate how often the condition goes undetected and the appalling physical consequences for those involved.
Seventy-five of the 100 cases are from around the UK and the others from abroad. In other cases, mothers suffered permanent damage to their bladder or bowels.
Six out of 10 of the 100 women say their PAS went undiagnosed, increasing the risk of them bleeding to death.
The 100 cases reveal “a dangerous gap in maternity care” and “systemic failures” that should prompt UK hospitals to do much more to train staff how to spot and treat PAS once it is diagnosed, say campaigners.
Politicians from all the main parties at Westminster are supporting their call for a major overhaul in how the NHS manages the condition.
Chloe Robinson from Burnley was taken to hospital in the middle of the night when she began bleeding heavily at home at 34 weeks pregnant in July 2024.
She said: “In theatre they discovered I had placenta accreta, something no one had suspected.
“They had to get several members of staff who were on call into the hospital because they weren’t prepared. I lost six litres of blood and had a hysterectomy to save my life.
“My daughter had a stroke, which I believe was due to the traumatic birth [and] she now has cerebral palsy.
“If they had found the condition before, none of this may have happened.”
A woman is at higher risk of PAS if she has had a previous birth by caesarean section because the placenta of her new pregnancy can attach itself to the scar of her C-section.
It is unclear exactly why IVF seems to also heighten the risk of the condition.
Doctors believe that the process of transferring and implanting an embryo into the woman during treatment may explain it, though they add that the extra risk posed by IVF is “small”.
Jeremy Hunt, the ex-health secretary who chairs Westminster’s all party parliamentary group on patient safety, urged NHS leaders to learn from the stories.
“Nik and Amisha have highlighted an important and under-recognised issue in maternity care,” she said.
“These stories and the Action for Accreta campaign highlight worrying gaps in how PAS is identified, recorded and managed across the NHS.
“Addressing these will require a more consistent, system-wide approach, including improved data, training and clinical preparedness.”
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