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Inflammation linked to depression in women with diabetes, study finds

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Inflammation may help flag depression in women with type 2 diabetes, new research reveals, but the link appears to vary by symptoms and by how depression is measured.

The findings suggest both the promise and the challenge of identifying biomarkers, measurable indicators in blood or other tests, for depression.

Women with type 2 diabetes are at higher risk of depression, which can accelerate diabetes complications, impair functioning and increase the risk of death. Research suggests inflammation may be a key link between the two conditions, as certain inflammatory biomarkers are frequently found in both.

Scientists have yet to identify an objective diagnostic biomarker for depression, such as something measured through blood work, a genetic test or a brain scan.

To diagnose and measure depression, mental health providers usually use questionnaires. Some add up the number of symptoms as a checklist, while others measure the severity of different symptoms.

Depression can also look very different from one person to the next, with symptoms spanning physical effects such as sleeping too much or too little, mood-related issues such as persistent sadness, and cognitive difficulties such as trouble concentrating.

Nicole Beaulieu Perez, assistant professor at NYU Rory Meyers College of Nursing and study author, said: “Depression is the most measured construct in all of science, but part of our problem is that we’re not defining depression the same, there may be different types, but we’re lumping them all together.

“The variability in depression symptoms complicates how we diagnose and treat it, particularly in the absence of validated biological markers.”

To better understand the connection between inflammation and different symptoms and measures of depression, researchers at NYU Rory Meyers College of Nursing studied 38 women with type 2 diabetes, many of whom were also living with HIV.

They analysed blood samples for 10 different inflammatory biomarkers, including CRP, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-8.

They also assessed participants for depression using PROMIS, an NIH-developed series of short questionnaires that includes measures of depression, anxiety, sleep and fatigue, as well as the CES-D, an older measure that adds up depression symptoms.

The researchers found that certain inflammatory biomarkers were linked to depression, but the associations varied depending on the measures and symptoms used.

Higher levels of depression and anxiety measured using PROMIS were associated with lower levels of IL-4.

They also found contradictory associations for CRP and IL-6. Both were positively correlated with depression when it was measured using CES-D and negatively correlated when it was measured using PROMIS.

Sleep disturbances measured using PROMIS were associated with IL-8.

Perez said: “It was interesting to see that, in some cases, the direction of these associations flipped entirely based on which measure of depression we were using.”

The findings, while preliminary because of the small number of people studied, suggest that the link between inflammatory biomarkers and depression may not be consistent across all measures or symptoms.

More research is needed to tease out the role of inflammation and whether subtypes of depression can be identified based on symptoms and objective biological markers.

Perez said: “We think there’s something going on with inflammation and depression, but if we look closely, we may find that’s true for some forms of depression but not others.”

She said she hoped that in future, pairing depression measures with biomarkers such as blood tests could provide more objectivity in diagnosing depression, which could help further destigmatise mental illness, as well as help clinicians catch it earlier and guide treatment.

Perez said: “Precision mental health has great potential.

“If we can identify a specific type of depression, for instance, one that appears to be driven by inflammation, this may inform which medications to try to target an underlying biological pathology, hopefully reducing the trial and error often needed to find an effective treatment for depression.

“By identifying specific inflammatory biomarkers linked to different dimensions of mental health, our findings suggest a path toward precision mental health that moves beyond one-size-fits-all approaches.”

Mental health

Dr-Julian helps deliver breakthrough mental health support for Black and ethnically minoritised mothers

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A groundbreaking digital perinatal mental health pilot for Black and ethnically minoritised women has helped women access support faster, complete therapy at higher rates, and recover more successfully than national averages.

The partnership between digital tech company Dr-Julian and The Essential Baby Company Ltd within a new model of mental health care named haPPIE SHE Cares  – who offer personalised support for women sharing their healthcare experiences, showed results well above NHS benchmarks for Black and ethnically minoritised women.

The pilot was created to help women who are less likely to use traditional mental health services during pregnancy and in the first year after giving birth.

By combining trusted community referrals, culturally aware support, and fast access to therapy through Dr-Julian’s online and virtual care platform, the programme delivered standout results.

Every woman who joined the pilot started therapy, 90 per cent completed treatment, and 74 per cent recovered; well above the NHS benchmark of around 52 per cent.

Women referred through community organisations accessed support in just one day on average, compared with around 21 days through many standard services.

Even the programme’s regular referral route reduced waits to 13 days.

The findings come as NHS leaders continue to focus on maternity inequalities and unequal access to mental health care.

Black and ethnically minoritised women can face barriers including stigma, language needs, lack of trust in services, childcare pressures, and difficulty navigating complex systems.

The haPPIE SHE Cares model was designed to break down those barriers by working with trusted community groups, offering culturally informed support, and where possible matching women with therapists who understood their background or language.

Gemma Poole for The Essential Baby Company said: “Too many women who need help feel unseen, unheard or unable to get support when they need it most.

“This project shows that when services are built around trust, culture and community, women engage, recover and thrive.

“This early success could provide a blueprint for reducing inequalities in maternal mental health care across the UK. Behind every statistic is a mother who felt supported, a family that benefited and a woman who found her voice.

“Mental healthcare must work for every community. This partnership shows that when high-quality therapy is combined with culturally responsive support, outcomes improve and women get help faster.

We are proud to have provided the therapists, virtual care systems and digital pathways behind this programme. We believe this model could help NHS organisations nationwide cut waiting times and improve recovery rates.”

Women who took part described the programme as life-changing, saying it reduced isolation, gave them confidence speaking with healthcare professionals, and made them more willing to seek help.

With growing pressure on maternity and mental health services, leaders behind the project say the pilot offers a practical solution that improves care while helping cut long waiting lists.

Plans are now being explored to expand the model through training, regional partnerships, and future funding.

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Mental health

Poor sleep linked to Alzheimer’s risk in older women – study

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Poor sleep may signal higher Alzheimer’s risk in older women with greater genetic risk, a study suggests.

Older women who reported poorer sleep also showed greater memory difficulties and more Alzheimer’s-related brain changes, the study found.

That pattern appeared only in women with higher genetic risk, suggesting sleep complaints may be a stronger warning sign for some women than for others.

Researchers examined 69 women aged 65 years and older taking part in the Women Inflammation Tau Study, an ongoing project focused on ageing and Alzheimer’s disease risk.

Participants completed questionnaires about their sleep quality, underwent memory testing and received brain scans measuring tau. Tau is a protein that accumulates abnormally in Alzheimer’s disease.

The study found that poorer self-reported sleep was associated with worse visual memory performance and greater tau accumulation in brain regions affected early in Alzheimer’s disease, but only among women with higher genetic risk.

Women with lower genetic risk did not show the same relationship between sleep complaints, memory and tau build-up. The finding was specific to visual memory and was not observed for verbal memory.

Researchers said the results add to growing evidence that sleep disturbances and Alzheimer’s disease may reinforce one another over time.

Previous studies have suggested that disrupted sleep can contribute to the build-up of abnormal tau proteins, while Alzheimer’s-related brain changes may also interfere with healthy sleep patterns.

Because women account for nearly two thirds of Alzheimer’s cases and frequently report poorer sleep quality than men, the researchers said sleep may represent an important and potentially modifiable risk factor in older women.

The authors noted that self-reported sleep assessments are inexpensive and easy to administer, raising the possibility that sleep complaints could help identify people who may benefit from closer monitoring or early intervention.

They also suggested that improving sleep could become a target for future Alzheimer’s prevention strategies, particularly for women at elevated genetic risk.

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Mental health

Women over 40 seeking raves for mental health benefits

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Women over 40 are seeking raves for mental and physical wellbeing, with a study suggesting the benefits go beyond nightlife.

The findings challenge the idea that nightlife and electronic dance music events are mainly for younger people.

Published in Psychology of Music, the study focused on the common misconception that nightlife is only for younger audiences.

Researchers surveyed 136 female clubbers aged 40 to 65 about their experiences at electronic dance music events.

The study, carried out at the University of Leeds in England, found women reported mental and physical wellbeing benefits from attending these events.

Seeing favourite DJs was the most common motivation, but many women also described dancing as a way to relieve stress and find emotional support.

The research found that 65.9 per cent of participants described attending a rave as “spiritual”, while 62.9 per cent said it offered an escape from everyday life.

A further 58.3 per cent said they felt like a different version of themselves in a club environment.

Nine in ten participants said they felt at home at electronic dance music events, with many pointing to a shared passion for music and the sense of community around it.

The study also suggested physical fitness played a role, with some women saying they had made clubbing part of their regular exercise routine.

However, the findings also highlighted challenges for older women in nightlife spaces.

One fifth of participants said they felt visibly out of place because of their age.

Nearly half reported unwanted physical contact, leading some to seek out different venues or attend only with friends.

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