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From PCOS to thyroid troubles- an exploration of women’s hormones

By Dr Haleema Sheikh, a specialist in integrative women’s health and bioidentical hormone balancing for the Marion Gluck Clinic

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Dr Haleema Sheikh, a specialist in integrative women's health and bioidentical hormone balancing for the Marion Gluck Clinic

Hormones are our bodies’ communication messengers. They are chemicals that are released by one organ/tissue that are carried in the blood and impact another organ/tissue and thus coordinate different functions in our body.

These signals tell your body what to do and when to do it and cause significant issues when there is hormonal imbalance.

Hormonal balance is very often related to our lifestyle. The environment we bathe our genes in impacts which genes are switched on and off.

Our body is always trying to be balanced and so our hormones adapt to try to create balance within the body and are a reflection of environmental and mental inputs.

Unlike men who have a 24hr testosterone cycle with testosterone peaking in the morning, the female menstrual cycle requires a complex dance of hormones to interplay to release an egg monthly.

This includes building up the lining of the womb in preparation for a fertilised egg and if there is no pregnancy to allow the lining to break down and start the whole process again.

This roughly 28-day cycle can be easily unbalanced by a number of factors, including poor nutrition, suboptimal movement, disturbed sleep, excess stress, poor relationships and high toxic burden from environmental toxins.

Reproductive hormonal symptoms can show up in a variety of ways including painful and/or heavy periods, infertility, altered cycle and PMS.

PCOS is a common (one in five to 10 women) but often poorly understood whole body hormonal/metabolic disorder that affects women of reproductive age.

The defining feature of PCOS is irregular/anovulatory cycles and the over-production of male type hormones- androgens. The increased androgens can lead to acne, oily skin and hirsutism.

Many women with PCOS also struggle with weight gain, particularly in the abdominal area.

The irregular cycles can interfere with getting pregnant and so balancing the hormones is key to restoring fertility.

There are genetic predispositions for PCOS which had a survival advantage in the past when food was scarce, and we had to fight predators.

It has been said that women with PCOS have the genes of warrior princesses and this is why it has perpetuated.

Women with this condition are struggling in today’s modern society because we are often sitting at work for hours at a time and then sitting in front of screens in the evening.

Our genes expect movement in the day and to follow natural rhythms and the sedentary nature of modern day life results in a mismatch and health issues.

The name arises from the multiple follicles seen on ultrasound of affected women- these are not true cysts.

Many young women will have these appearances and should not be automatically diagnosed with PCOS unless they have the androgen excess symptoms and irregular periods.

Women suffering from PCOS have hormonal imbalance that has a few root causes including blood sugar regulation (insulin resistance), inflammation and poor gut health. Addressing these areas is foundational to managing and reversing PCOS symptoms.

The conventional medical model is focussed on managing symptoms of PCOS and will often result in putting women on the pill to regulate periods and reduce androgen symptoms, but this is not dealing with the root cause and bringing the body back into balance.

When women have difficulty getting pregnant, they are given drugs to try to induce ovulation or referred for IVF. These are useful options to explore when lifestyle interventions have not been fruitful and should remain a reserve option.

The functional medicine approach to PCOS focuses on:

  1. Optimising diet to improve insulin sensitivity through encouraging low-carb nutrition which helps improve insulin resistance a cornerstone driver of the condition.
  2. Supporting gut health to reduce inflammation which is another key factor. Pre and probiotics can support the gut microbiome which modulate hormone balance and detoxification.
  3. Reducing exposed to toxic ‘endocrine disrupters’ in the environment like BPA in plastics because they’ve been shown to disrupt the hormonal system by altering the way in which hormones interact with their receptors and how they are used/ metabolised within the body. Thesexenoestrogens can be found in plastic bottles/containers and in many skincare products/makeup which get absorbed through the skin so it is important to use ‘clean’ products and work on minimising exposure.
  4. Minimising stress through lifestyle tweaks like meditation and yoga which help support the parasympathetic rest and digest nervous system.
  5. Using targeted supplements and herbs to support hormones further, including magnesium, which improves insulin sensitivity and is anti-inflammatory, omega 3 fatty acids, inositol and zinc.

We can also use natural bioidentical progesterone to help women with PCOS kick start a regular ovulatory cycle.

Progesterone is released in the second half of the cycle after ovulation.

Professor Jerilyn Prior has been a pioneer in her work on the use of cyclical natural progesterone for two weeks on and two weeks off to help trigger ovulation in women who are not ovulating, and this helps correct the hormonal imbalance. This can fully explored in a bioidentical hormone clinic.

Thus, in the example of PCOS we can see the far-reaching, whole-body consequences of reproductive hormone balance.

Interestingly, women are also five to eight times more likely than men to have thyroid hormone problems, with one in eight women developing a thyroid disorder during her lifetime.

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland at the base of the neck that produces hormones (thyroxine) essential for regulating metabolism, body temperature, energy, heart rate, menstrual cycle, mood, and hair and nail growth.

Essentially, it serves as the body’s thermostat controlling how fast things happen in the body by its actions on different organs/tissues.

There are two main categories of thyroid problems hypothyroidism (an under-active thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid).

In the case of hypothyroidism, the body literally slows down and causes symptoms like weight gain, brain fog, constipation and sluggishness.

The thyroid is not producing enough of the thyroid hormones – triiodothyronine T3 (active form) orthyroxine T4 or both.

The thyroid is a sentinel gland assessing the environment and ensuring the body adapts appropriately.  It requires a number of nutrients to function optimally and lack of these can cause it to under function. These nutrients include selenium, zinc, vitamin A, iron and iodine.

Reversing these deficiencies can help the thyroid improve its functioning.

In addition, the immune system can become muddled and produce autoantibodies which mark the thyroid for destruction by the white cells of the immune system. This is called Hashimoto’s disease an autoimmune condition which is more common amongst women.

There is a triad of genetic predisposition, increased gut wall permeability which allows the immune system to be more activated and a trigger e.g. stress/gluten exposure which ignites the whole process resulting in the production of antibodies which label the thyroid as foreign and for attack.

The conventional medical model works on trying to reduce the symptoms of hypothyroidism by giving replacement thyroxine support.

This can help the situation but does not address the immune activations and high levels of antibodies causing the thyroid to be attacked. Patients will feel a bit better, but it certainly does not bring vitality and full wellbeing to the majority.

In the functional medicine world patients are often given replacement hormone but there will also be emphasis on addressing the root cause by:

  1. Improving gut health and reducing gut permeability. This requires working on the gut microbiome and nutrition. 85 per cent of patients with Hashimoto’s do better on a gluten-free diet because there is molecular mimicry between the gluten molecule and the thyroid and in individuals with a genetic predisposition the immune system reaction against gluten ingested can also target thyroid tissue.
  2. Working on the other pillars of health sleep, relaxation and movement can also help bring the body back into balance and help the immune activation.
  3. Ensuring there are not nutritional deficiencies impacting the gland.

Women in the perimenopause and menopause are more at risk of thyroid disorders as there are oestrogen receptors on the thyroid and at this time there is hormonal fluctuations which can trigger thyroid dysfunction.

During the menopause, as a result of the lack of estrogen, thyroid function can be suboptimal and this can contribute to the menopausal weight gain around the middle that happens and the deterioration in lipid panels.

We can see how endocrine glands interact with each other; the body has a complex web of interconnection which help keep the body in balance.

When we are seeing hormonal dysfunction symptoms is important not only to look at symptoms control but to look at deeper root causes driving the issues.

Careful consideration to the environment we are bathing our genes is key to optimal hormonal health and this is best done with a medical professional who understands the importance of hormonal health.

To find out more, visit the Marion Gluck Clinic.

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WUKA and Royal Yachting Association partner to support women and girls in sailing

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WUKA has announced a groundbreaking partnership with the Royal Yachting Association (RYA), including RYA Scotland and RYA Northern Ireland, supporting women and girls in sailing.

Building on WUKA’s growing #TackleAnything campaign – which has already reached thousands of girls across sports in the UK – this collaboration brings practical period solutions into sailing.

Together, WUKA and the RYA are committed to breaking down barriers so periods never limit confidence, participation, or performance on the water.

Ruby Raut, WUKA founder & CEO, said: “Partnering with the RYA has been incredibly important for us at WUKA.

“Sailing is an amazing way for women and girls to build confidence, and periods shouldn’t hold anyone back from enjoying the water or reaching their full potential.

“Through this partnership and our #TackleAnything campaign, we’re proud to provide practical solutions and innovative products that help female sailors feel comfortable, confident, and free to focus on learning, performing, and having fun.

“Breaking down barriers and supporting women to tackle anything — on land, at sea, and everywhere in between – has never felt more meaningful.”

WUKA, which stands for Wake-Up Kick Ass, shares the RYA’s commitment to inclusivity and empowerment.

In 2023, WUKA launched #TackleAnything, a campaign supporting women, girls and sportspeople with periods. Since its launch, the initiative has reached 3,576 girls across 46 clubs and partnered with a range of sports across the UK – from Scottish Gymnastics to Titans wheelchair basketball – helping young athletes play without limits and stay confident, comfortable, and in the game.

The brand offers period-friendly aquatic apparel and practical solutions that help women train and compete with freedom of movement and total assurance.

Through this partnership, WUKA will provide innovative period swimwear for young sailors across key RYA programmes, including the NI Sailing Team, the RYA Scotland Performance Pathway Programme, and the British Sailing Pathways Talent Academies.

By combining WUKA’s mission to challenge stigma with the RYA’s commitment to inclusion, the partnership ensures young sailors can focus on what matters most – learning, performing, and enjoying their time on the water – with confidence and comfort. RYA members will also receive a 10 per cent discount on WUKA products.

Sailing offers incredible benefits for women and girls, but time on the water can present unique challenges -particularly during menstruation.

Together, WUKA and the RYA are providing practical solutions that remove these barriers, helping young sailors participate fully and confidently in the sport.

Sara Sutcliffe, RYA CEO, said: “At the RYA, we have been making strides to break down barriers for women of all ages to help ensure they can experience the water in a supportive and positive environment.

“From education workshops and practical sessions, we want to make sure our female sailors are empowered and this partnership is another great example of how we can demonstrate possible tools to equip them to succeed”.

This partnership is part of the RYA’s wider commitment to making sailing a sport where women and girls can thrive. Alongside initiatives such as the Female Futures Group, the Women’s Race Officials Programme and all new Talent Academy Female Future’s Camps; it demonstrates a continued focus on removing barriers and creating meaningful opportunities across every stage of the sailing.

WUKA’s involvement ensures that practical solutions are available on the water, from innovative period swimwear to support resources, helping young sailors feel fully equipped and confident during training and competition.

By integrating these tools into RYA programmes, WUKA brings a new level of comfort and assurance to female athletes, allowing them to focus entirely on performance, enjoyment, and growth in the sport.

For any women and girls looking to learn more about sailing, visit www.rya.org.uk.

For more information on WUKA visit www.wuka.co.uk.

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Study links changing population to low London screening rates

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London’s shifting population is holding down breast screening uptake, experts have said, with the capital at 62.8 per cent in 2024, below the NHS’s acceptable 70 per cent threshold.

The London Assembly Health Committee recently heard that the capital faces distinct challenges compared with the rest of the country and that these issues must be addressed.

Josephine Ruwende, a cancer screening lead at NHS England, said frequent moves within the rented sector and the cost-of-living crisis pushing people out of London had made it difficult to reach eligible patients, which she described as “population churn”.

She said: “This is people changing addresses and then not updating their GP, this then affects the invitation process because GP details are used to identify individuals who are eligible.

“In boroughs where we have the highest population churn, we see it strongly associated with lower uptake.”

She noted that even in the wealthiest boroughs there can be high levels of movement, with around 40 per cent of residents changing address within a year.

Such areas also tend to have more people who own second homes or spend long periods abroad, making it harder for the NHS to keep contact details up to date.

As a result, screening invitations may be sent to out-of-date addresses or to people who are overseas.

Leeane Graham, advocacy lead at Black Women Rising, which supports women of colour with a cancer diagnosis, said there were cultural barriers, fear and a mistrust of the health service due to previous experience within communities.

She said: “If you’ve never been for a breast screening before, the thought of having a mammogram can be really, really terrifying.”

Helen Dickens, from Breast Cancer Now, said other reasons included a lack of understanding of breast screening, along with concerns about discomfort, trust and practical issues such as travel.

She said: “We have amazing public transport and we feel that we’ve got great accessibility, but we also know that we don’t have screening centres in every borough.

“We know that for some women that barrier of transport and access will still be a really big reason why they’re not attending screenings.”

NHS London launched its first screening campaign last year in response to the figures, aiming to increase detection at an earlier stage.

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The hidden cost of “business as usual” in gynecologic surgery

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A Common Surgery with Outsized Consequences

Hysterectomy and myomectomy are among the most frequently performed surgeries worldwide.

Minimally invasive and robotic approaches have delivered clear benefits at the point of care, including shorter hospital stays, faster recovery, and fewer complications.

To remove the uterus or fibroids through small incisions, surgeons use a technique known as morcellation, in which tissue is cut into smaller pieces for extraction during surgery.

However, when tissue is cut without containment, those short-term gains can be offset by downstream harm.

The risks fall into three interconnected categories:

  • dissemination of undiagnosed malignancy
  • spread of benign tissue, including endometriosis and parasitic fibroids
  • legal and financial exposure linked to off-label device use

Crucially, these costs often surface years after the original procedure and rarely where the original cost savings were realized.

Cancer Dissemination: A Known and Preventable Risk

The risk of occult uterine malignancy in women undergoing surgery for presumed benign fibroids is well documented.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has estimated this risk at approximately 1 in 350 women, prompting repeated safety communications recommending tissue containment during morcellation.

When morcellation is performed without containment, undiagnosed cancer will be dispersed throughout the abdominal cavity, effectively upstaging disease from localised to disseminated.

The clinical implications are profound, and so are the economic consequences.

Treatment costs for early-stage uterine cancer typically range from $40,000 to $60,000. Once disease becomes disseminated, costs can exceed $150,000 to $300,000, excluding indirect costs such as lost productivity, long-term disability, and caregiver burden.

Beyond treatment expenses, litigation related to morcellation-associated cancer spread has resulted in multi-million-dollar settlements, particularly during the power morcellation litigation wave of the mid-2010s. Several cases explicitly tied disease progression to tissue dissemination during surgery.

From a system perspective, a single preventable dissemination event can negate the cost savings of hundreds of minimally invasive procedures.

Benign Tissue Seeding: The Long Tail of Surgical Cost

Cancer is not the only concern.

Uncontained morcellation has also been associated with the spread of benign tissue, including parasitic fibroids and iatrogenic endometriosis, conditions that may present years after the index surgery.

Endometriosis alone represents one of the most expensive chronic gynecologic conditions. Multiple health economic studies estimate annual per-patient costs of $12,000 to $16,000, with lifetime costs exceeding $100,000, driven by repeat surgeries, chronic pain management, hormonal therapy, and fertility interventions.

While the financial impact may surface years later, downstream harm is increasingly traced back to the index procedure, including the choice between FDA-cleared containment and off-label alternatives used during tissue extraction.

Off-Label Use and the Quiet Accumulation of Liability

One of the least visible, but most consequential, dimensions of morcellation risk lies in off-label device use.

Many tissue bags currently used during morcellation are not FDA-cleared for prevention of tissue spillage during organ cutting and removal. While off-label use is common in medicine, it carries distinct legal and financial implications when complications occur.

Risk management guidance from MedPro Group, one of the largest medical malpractice insurers in the United States, has repeatedly warned that off-label use increases professional liability exposure in three key ways:

1. Burden of justification

When an FDA-cleared alternative exists, the legal burden shifts to the surgeon to prove that off-label use met the standard of care.

2. Informed consent vulnerability

Standard consent language may be insufficient for off-label device use, increasing exposure to failure-to-warn claims if complications arise.

3. Changed liability dynamics

Off-label use alters traditional liability dynamics, increasing scrutiny on clinical decision-making at the hospital and surgeon level.

Legal scholarship published in Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research has echoed these concerns, noting that courts increasingly allow off-label status to be considered in malpractice cases, particularly when patient harm occurs and safer alternatives were available.

Recent U.S. court decisions have further reinforced that while off-label use is generally permitted, it is not immune from civil liability and, in rare but serious circumstances, criminal consequences when tied to demonstrable patient harm.

FDA Guidance Exists, Adoption Lags Behind

Regulatory expectations around morcellation are no longer ambiguous. The FDA has consistently called for tissue containment during tissue cutting to mitigate the risks of cancer and tissue dissemination.

Yet real-world adoption remains inconsistent.

A 2025 survey reported by News-Medical found widespread gaps in safe tissue containment during laparoscopic gynecologic surgery.

Respondents cited variability in training, institutional protocols, and access to FDA-cleared containment systems. Many surgeons reported reliance on improvised or non-cleared solutions despite growing awareness of regulatory and legal risk.

The result is a widening gap between guidance and practice, one that is increasingly visible to regulators, insurers, and hospital leadership.

Who Ultimately Pays?

The economic impact of uncontained morcellation does not fall on a single stakeholder.

  • Hospitals face litigation exposure, rising malpractice premiums, re-operations, and reputational risk.
  • Surgeons shoulder personal liability, heightened scrutiny around informed consent, and evolving standards of care.
  • Payers absorb downstream oncology costs, chronic disease management, and repeat interventions.
  • Patients bear the heaviest burden, including preventable morbidity, fertility loss, financial toxicity, and erosion of trust.

Taken together, these costs far exceed the price of prevention.

From Clinical Risk to Market Response

This growing recognition of risk has begun to reshape the market.

Before regulatory scrutiny intensified, power morcellation was widely adopted because it saved time, reduced operating room burden, and supported high procedural throughput.

It represented a multi-billion-dollar global market, supported by major surgical device manufacturers and deeply embedded in minimally invasive gynecologic practice.

The withdrawal of power morcellation from many hospitals did not eliminate the clinical need for efficient tissue extraction. Instead, it created a prolonged gap between surgical efficiency and acceptable risk.

That gap is now beginning to close.

With the emergence of FDA-cleared tissue containment systems designed specifically for morcellation, hospitals are reassessing whether power morcellation can be responsibly reintroduced in a manner aligned with regulatory guidance, patient safety, and liability mitigation.

This has significant implications for operating room efficiency, surgeon ergonomics, and system-wide cost management.

One example is Ark Surgical, a U.S.-focused surgical technology company advancing safety-first approaches to tissue extraction.

Its double-wall, airbag-like LapBox containment chamber was developed to support FDA-aligned morcellation while integrating into existing laparoscopic workflows, an increasingly important consideration as hospitals evaluate not just procedural efficiency, but long-term risk exposure.

Ark Surgical is currently in an active investment round, reflecting broader investor interest in technologies that address regulatory-driven risk while unlocking previously constrained markets.

More broadly, capital is flowing toward solutions that make it possible to restore clinical efficiency without reintroducing legacy risk.

The Cost Question Is No Longer “If,” but “When”

Healthcare systems already absorb the cost of uncontained morcellation through litigation, chronic disease management, repeat interventions, and loss of trust.

What has changed is visibility.

As clinical data, regulatory expectations, and market solutions converge, the question is no longer whether containment matters, but whether healthcare systems can afford to continue treating it as optional.

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